High-temperature spectrophotometry of indium chloride vapours as a method of study of the In – Se system

The goals of this work are as follows: (а) searching for a method of study of the In – Se system taking into account the specified problems and difficulties, (b) choosing a way for the instrumental implementation of this method, and (c) obtaining experimental evidence that this method and its implementation are promising. The choice of the In – Se system is related to the fact that indium selenides, layered structures and semiconductor phases with stoichiometric vacancies, are promising from the point of view of materials science. This choice is also related to the use of binary precursors for the synthesis of heterostructures based on CIS compounds.We studied the possibility of applying the auxiliary component method using the equilibrium with the participation of indium chloride vapours which were made to contact the condensed phases of the In – Se system. Equilibrium was achieved using high-temperature spectrophotometry of the vapour phase. The experiment had two stages. During the first stage we determined the absorption characteristics of the InCl3 vapour. During the second stage we studied the heterogeneous equilibrium of the unsaturated indium chloride vapour with several phases of the In – Se system. Over the course of the study, we determined the molar attenuation coefficients of the InCl3 vapour and plotted the temperature dependences of the value KP.It was found that the phase composition of the alloys significantly influences the position of the corresponding lines on the KP–T diagram, which proves the possibility of using the suggested auxiliary component method in its specific instrumental (spectrophotometric) implementation in order to study the In – Se system. We also showed the additional possibilities of using this method for plotting T-x diagrams of binary systems in such high-temperature areas where the binary solid phase is in equilibrium with the melt. This application of the method is related to the solubility of a vapour of an auxiliary component (chlorine in the form of indium chlorides) in the melts of binary phases (indium selenides).

The development of methods for the research and synthesis of solid phases by the scientific school of Ya. A Ugai. Review

The scientific school founded by Yakov A. Ugai has existed at Voronezh State University for over fifty years. One of its focus areas has been the development of physics and chemistry for obtaining solid phases in systems with volatile components. This determined the necessity to develop methods for the investigation of vapour pressure (tensimetric methods). This article only focuses on some of the works by the VSU staff dedicated to the study and construction of P-T-x diagrams. This review analyses phase equilibria and the nature of the intermediate phases in the AIV – BV, AIV – BV – СV, and AIII – BVI systems.Owing to the special nature of the cation-cation and anion-anion bonds, these compounds have highly specific properties that make them promising materials (2D materials in particular). The article presents an overview of works devoted to the construction of P-T-x diagrams and the investigation of defect formation processes in binary and ternary systems based on AIVBV compounds. It should be emphasised that the known techniques needed updating due to the high values of vapour pressure. This allowed conducting experiments at pressures of about 35-40 atmospheres. The study of the AIII - BVI systems,on the contrary, is complicated by low values of vapour pressure over indium and gallium chalcogenides and the complex composition of the vapour. For such systems the auxiliary component method was developed. The possibilities of its application are wide and are not limited to AIIIBVI compounds. A new method for nonstoichiometry regulation was developed and applied using non-destructive selective chemical transport reactions (i.e. with the participation of an auxiliary component). This method is based on the introduction or removal of one of the sample components by means of a selective chemical transport reaction. In conclusion, the development of methods for the research and synthesis of intermediate phases with variable compositions (properties) was analysed based on the example of the discussed systems.

Некоторые пути грамматикализации глагола болох / болохо / болха / болх ‘становиться, делаться; быть’ в монгольских языках

Introduction. The article discusses some ways of grammaticalization of the verb bolokh / bolokho / bolha / bolh ‘become, make; be’ in Mongolic languages (Mongolian, Buryat, Oirat and Kalmyk). This verb acts as an auxiliary component in composite predicates, and also functions in the system of service parts of speech to form postpositions and conjunctions. The phenomenon of grammaticalization reflects the dynamics of linguistic processes occurring at the junction of the significant and official functioning of words. The results of studying various lexical units as sources of grammatical indicators significantly expand the understanding of the functioning of grammatical systems in a language. Goals. The research aims at describing the ways of grammaticalization of verbs in Mongolic languages through the example of the verb bolokh / bolokho / bolha / bolh ‘become, make; be’. Materials. The paper analyzes literary, folklore, journalistic texts extracted from the corpora of the examined national languages ​​(Mongolian, Buryat and Kalmyk), as well as data from respective dictionaries. Results. The study shows that the verb bolokh / bolokho / bolha / bolh ‘become, make; be’ is undergoing various changes. In the formation of compound nominal and verbal predicates, it is used as an auxiliary verb. As a result of grammaticalization, there are indicators of the categories of time and modality, classes of words that denote various semantic concepts. The verb can express various modal meanings (assumption, obligation, intention, opportunity, prohibition, etc.). As a result of grammaticalization, modal words derived from the given verb are quite often in Mongolic languages. The adverbial and participial forms of this verb are actively used as official words. The analysis reveals that the meanings of most postpositions and conjunctions in Mongolic languages coincide. But there are also those characteristic only of certain languages. Some words lose their ancient primordial meanings, while others acquire additional ones that rest on their main seme.

"Electronic tongue" based on electrodes modified with polyarylenephthalides for recognition of model solutions of tryptophan

The effect of auxiliary substances in the composition of the dosage form (sucrose, lactose, talc and starch) on the voltammetric registration of tryptophan using two- and threesensor systems such as "electronic tongue" based on glassy carbon electrodes modified with polyarylenephthalides was studied. For the subsequent chemometric processing of the obtained data, the principal component analysis and soft independent modeling of class analogies were used. It has been shown that electrodes modified with various polyarylenephthalides have cross-sensitivity to four model solutions of tryptophan, each of which contains a certain auxiliary component. When the modified electrodes are used separately, the analyzed model solutions of tryptophan form clusters on the score plots of PCA that intersect with each other, which does not allow them to be reliably recognized. However, the combination of modified electrodes into two- and three-sensor systems due to cross-sensitivity makes it possible to obtain the PCA score plots, in which clusters of samples of model solutions of tryptophan intersect less or do not intersect at all, and, therefore, to recognize them with a high probability. In almost all cases of using two- and three-sensor systems, the classification sensitivity is 100%. When using modified electrodes separately, the specificity of the classification varies from 20 to 100%, when using two-sensor systems – from 50 to 100%. The specificity of the classification when using a three-sensor system is not less than 90%. The proposed sensor system, after additional studies, can be used to recognize medicines containing the same active substance, but different auxiliary components, and will also allow detecting the presence of impurities in medicines.

Infrared Wavefront Sensing for Adaptive Optics Assisted Galactic Center Observations with the VLT Interferometer and GRAVITY: Operation and Results

This article describes the operation of the near-infrared wavefront sensing based Adaptive Optics (AO) system CIAO. The Coudé Infrared Adaptive Optics (CIAO) system is a central auxiliary component of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) interferometer (VLTI). It enables in particular the observations of the Galactic Center (GC) using the GRAVITY instrument. GRAVITY is a highly specialized beam combiner, a device that coherently combines the light of the four 8-m telescopes and finally records interferometric measurements in the K-band on 6 baselines simultaneously. CIAO compensates for phase disturbances caused by atmospheric turbulence, which all four 8 m Unit Telescopes (UT) experience during observation. Each of the four CIAO units generates an almost diffraction-limited image quality at its UT, which ensures that maximum flux of the observed stellar object enters the fibers of the GRAVITY beam combiner. We present CIAO performance data obtained in the first 3 years of operation as a function of weather conditions. We describe how CIAO is configured and used for observations with GRAVITY. In addition, we focus on the outstanding features of the near-infrared sensitive Saphira detector, which is used for the first time on Paranal, and show how it works as a wavefront sensor detector.

Preparation and Performance Analysis of a Spray Dust Suppressant for Coking Coal Dust

Coking coal dust has strong hydrophobicity, and it is difficult to combine with droplets in the air and settle. In order to improve the ability of droplets to collect coking coal dusts, a spray dust suppressant for coking coal dusts was studied. Based on monomer optimization and compounding experiments, two types of surfactant monomers, fatty alcohol ether sodium sulfate (AES) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were selected as the surfactant components for the dust suppressant. Meanwhile, the surfactant monomers were combined with four inorganic salts and the reverse osmosis moisture absorption of each solution was measured. By combining the results of both reverse osmosis moisture absorption and the water retention experiments, CaCl 2 was selected as the inorganic salt auxiliary component for the dust suppressant. Finally, the best concentration combination of the three components were obtained using orthogonal experiments, i.e., AES (0.05%), SDBS (0.03%), and CaCl 2 (0.6%). The dust suppressant solution constituted by this scheme had a high moisture absorption and great performance.

The Methods and Experiments of Shape Measurement for Off-Axis Conic Aspheric Surface

The off-axis conic aspheric surface is widely used as a component in modern optical systems. It is critical for this kind of surface to obtain the real accuracy of the shape during optical processing. As is widely known, the null test is an effective method to measure the shape accuracy with high precision. Therefore, three shape measurement methods of null test including auto-collimation, single computer-generated hologram (CGH), and hybrid compensation are presented in detail in this research. Although the various methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, all methods need a special auxiliary component to accomplish the measurement. In the paper, an off-axis paraboloid (OAP) was chosen to be measured using the three methods along with auxiliary components of their own and it was shown that the experimental results involved in peak-to-valley (PV), root-mean-square (RMS), and shape distribution from three methods were consistent. As a result, the correctness and effectiveness of these three measurement methods were confirmed, which are very useful in engineering.