(RE)-INTERPRETATION OF THE PAER SPACE CONCEPT AN ENVIRONMENTAL PATTERN APPROACH THROUGH A MULTILEVEL

Lombok is called the Island of Thousand Mosques. Its inhabitants from the Sasak ethnic group are Muslim, who have the concept of the Paer space. It is a place of the existential transience of life, and the center is a mosque. The Paer space is implemented to have a hierarchy from a family cluster environment called paer bale langgak, paer dusun, paer village, and paer cardinal area, which function as the places for worship and culture to spend their remaining time towards an eternal time in the afterlife. This study identifies how religious, social, and cultural activities in the Paer space are centered on the mosque's architecture and interprets the patterns of the community behavior that influence each other in it. The concept of Paer or temporary existential space is then reinterpreted using descriptive-analytical-qualitative methods to obtain a schematic environmental pattern that can be developed adaptively in Muslim communities with mosque as the center of orientation for worship and cultural activities.

Jacobites, Jamaica and the Establishment of a Highland Catholic Community in the Canadian Maritimes

This article uses the sale of Glenfinnan and Glenaladale in 1773 to explore how the colonial ambitions of an elite catholic family connected the northwest Highlands and Islands of Scotland with Jamaica in the Caribbean and St John's Island (Prince Edward Island) in what would later become the Canadian Maritimes. It highlights two equally significant Highland pasts at play—colonised and coloniser—and posits that they can never be fully reconciled. Each past stands as a testament to the reality of imperialism. It establishes important markers about the need to think of the longevity of the impact of the money earned in the Caribbean and how its influence was often felt across generations. While this is essentially a case study of one family cluster, the patterns that emerge of how money was earned, spent and re-invested in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is representative of many others.

An analysis of eight family cluster cases in Wuhan, China: Peripheral blood lymphocyte count may predict Covid-19 mortality

Background: Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) causing COVID-19 has spread across the world in a global pandemic. Tens of thousands of people were infected, several thousand patients died. However, key risk factors for predicting mortality remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the differences in mortal risk factors between fatal and non-fatal cases within each family, to identify the key risk factors for COVID-19 mortality. Method: Retrospective, randomly selected eight family clusters consisting of 21 individual cases who had been confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted to the Wuhan Union Hospital, Wuhan, China, from February 6 to March 3, 2020. Clinical characteristics and demographic data were tracked up to March 3. Results: Among all 8 family cluster cases, 4 families had death cases. All deaths were elderly individuals (range, 77-88 years), all ICU and severe cases were also elderly individuals (72-88 years). Patient 2-M1, who was the oldest of all cases and first confirmed with COVID-19 on January 10, had four critical comorbid conditions including colon cancer, COPD, hypertension, and coronary disease. But he remains in stable condition after more than 50 days of inpatient treatment. We observed that the absolute count of peripheral blood lymphocyte dropped to less than 0.8G/L of all death and ICU cases, ranging from 0.22 G/L to 0.81 G/L. Conclusions: We found that elderly age is one of the main risk factors for mortality, comorbidities were not predictive of mortality due to COVID-19, although they may extend disease duration. Importantly, we discovered that within our study population the absolute count of peripheral blood lymphocyte is a predictive risk factor for mortality due to COVID-19, establishing that it may be a very important factor for judging a patient’s prognosis. Keywords: COVID-19; Family clusters; Mortality; Risk factors.

An atypical cause of right lower abdominal pain: amoebiasis, a family cluster

In this case report we present a family cluster of amoebiasis in a nonendemic region. A 46-year-old women, diagnosed with Crohn’s disease for which she received no maintenance therapy, was evaluated for the suspicion of a flare. At colonoscopy however, atypical findings for Crohn’s disease were seen. Histopathologic examination revealed micro-organisms compatible with amoebiasis. Interestingly, 4 years before this event she started a new relationship with a 38-year-old man who was diagnosed with liver-amoebiasis 3 months after the start of their relationship. On top of this, her 18-year-old daughter was diagnosed with amoebiasis 2 years after her diagnosis. The source of the infection remains unknown, but we speculate that the infection was transmitted feco-orally between the different members of this family. These cases illustrate that we should be aware of parasitological causes of colitis, especially in patients with atypical endoscopic images or when a close “relative” is diagnosed with amoebiasis.

Molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from COVID-19 family clusters

Background Transmission within families and multiple spike protein mutations have been associated with the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We aimed to: (1) describe full genome characterization of SARS-CoV-2 and correlate the sequences with epidemiological data within family clusters, and (2) conduct phylogenetic analysis of all samples from Yogyakarta and Central Java, Indonesia and other countries. Methods The study involved 17 patients with COVID-19, including two family clusters. We determined the full-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 using the Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a dataset of 142 full-genomes of SARS-CoV-2 from different regions. Results Ninety-four SNPs were detected throughout the open reading frame (ORF) of SARS-CoV-2 samples with 58% (54/94) of the nucleic acid changes resulting in amino acid mutations. About 94% (16/17) of the virus samples showed D614G on spike protein and 56% of these (9/16) showed other various amino acid mutations on this protein, including L5F, V83L, V213A, W258R, Q677H, and N811I. The virus samples from family cluster-1 (n = 3) belong to the same clade GH, in which two were collected from deceased patients, and the other from the survived patient. All samples from this family cluster revealed a combination of spike protein mutations of D614G and V213A. Virus samples from family cluster-2 (n = 3) also belonged to the clade GH and showed other spike protein mutations of L5F alongside the D614G mutation. Conclusions Our study is the first comprehensive report associating the full-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 with the epidemiological data within family clusters. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three viruses from family cluster-1 formed a monophyletic group, whereas viruses from family cluster-2 formed a polyphyletic group indicating there is the possibility of different sources of infection. This study highlights how the same spike protein mutations among members of the same family might show different disease outcomes.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak during a Chinese New Year dinner in a restaurant, Hong Kong SAR (China), 2020

We reported a local family cluster of 6 confirmed COVID-19 cases, among 29 attendees of a Chinese New Year family dinner gathering in a restaurant, with 1 additional case from secondary transmission. The public should maintain social distancing at all times during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Epidemiological and clinical features in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 outside of Wuhan, China: Special focus in asymptomatic patients

Objectives In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan City and rapidly spread across the world. The clinical characteristics of affected patients in different regions and populations may differ. Thus, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of the disease to provide an insight about the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Methods Data on the demographic characteristics and clinical findings of the patients admitted at the First Hospital of Changsha from January 1, 2020 to February 10, 2020 were assessed. Results In this study, there were 8 (3.8%) asymptomatic, 21 (10.0%) mild upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and 180 (86.1%) pneumonia cases. In total, 47 (22.5%) patients resided in Wuhan, and 45 (21.5%) had recently traveled to Wuhan before disease onset. Moreover, 19 (9.1%) had contact with people from Wuhan, and 69 (33.0%) were family cluster cases. The median incubation period was approximately 6.3 (range: 1.0–20.0) days. Fever and cough were the most common initial symptoms: 99 (49.3%) patients presented with fever, without cough; 59 (29.4%) with cough, without fever; and 33 (16.4%) with both fever and cough. Conclusion The symptoms of patients with COVID-19 were relatively mild outside Wuhan, and family cluster was a remarkable epidemic characteristic. Special attention should be paid to asymptomatic patients.