STUDY ON MARKETING PATTERN OF APPLE CULTIVATION IN KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA

An attempt has been made in this paper to evaluate the price spread of apple in the state of Jammu and Kashmir; the study is confined to Baramulla and Pulwama district with 35 growers, who were selected randomly from six selected villages considered to collect the required information. The primary data were collected from the apple growers through personal interview method with the help of well prepared pre tested schedule for the year 2019-20. For the present study 4 marketing channel were identified for the transaction of apple i.e.; Producer - Aratiya - Wholesale - Retailer - Consumer; Producer - Pre-harvest Contractor - Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer, Producer - Post-harvest - Contractor -Wholesaler - Retailer - Consumer and Producer - Commission Agent - Wholesaler – Retailer - Consumer. Thus it can be concluded that the apple business in Kashmir is more remunerative. This enterprise is not only profitable and financially viable but also provides employment to large number of people in the valley area. The area and production of the apple is increasing at the fast rate, but the various defects of the existing marketing system results in the least share to the producer. Net return from the apple business can further be increased if the problems and defects of existing marketing system as stated above are taken care of. It can also be concluded that apple growing is more beneficial on all producers.

Supply Chain Analysis of Raw and Value-added Products of Tomatoes in Telangana

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most widely consumed vegetable crops and the second-largest cultivated vegetable crop in the world after potato. Tomato is one of the most important protective foods because of its special nutritive value. Tomatoes grown in the country are consumed fresh in raw or cooked form or processed into tomato paste, juice, sauce, ketchup, soup and, pickles. Less than one percent of India’s tomato production is processed. On the other hand, the demand in India for processed tomato products has been growing at an annual rate of about 30 per cent over the last few years. India is the World's largest producer of many fruits and vegetables but there still exists a huge gap between per capita demand and supply due to enormous wastage during post-harvest storage, handling, and the absence of an optimum supply chain. The price fluctuations in tomatoes are very high and often farmers are forced to sell at prices that will not cover even the labor cost of picking the tomatoes. A well-developed tomato processing industry will reduce wastages as well as secure better prices for tomatoes. The present study entitled “Supply chain analysis of raw and value-added products of tomatoes in Telangana” was intended to assess supply chain analysis for raw and processed tomato products along with the constraints faced by each stake holder in the supply chain. Vikarabad district was purposively selected for the study, two mandals four villages each were selected from each village, data was collected from 10 farmers. Hence the total data was collected from 80 farmers. The data was also collected from commission agents, wholesalers/ traders, and retailers. From the tomato processing firms operating in around Hyderabad, three firms were selected to collect data regarding their products and marketing supply chain. The collected data was analyzed. The results of the study identified three channels of raw tomato marketing, namely: channel-I Farmer- Commission Agent-Trader-Retailer-consumer, Channel-II Famer – Commission agent - Retailer-consumer and Channel-III Farmer- Retailer-consumer. Two channels of processed tomato products were identified, namely: Channel-I, Manufacturing unit- wholesalers-consumers and Channel-II, Manufacturing unit- consumers. The producer share in the consumer rupee was highest in the Channel -III because of lesser number intermediaries. The marketing efficiency is highest for the channel – III fallowed by channel – II and channel -I. In case of processed industries are mostly preferring channel -II. The major constraints to the farmers identified were high price fluctuations, high cost of fertilizers and pesticides. The major constraints to the intermediaries identified were high price fluctuations and transportation costs and problems. The major problems identified were lack of quality raw materials suitable for processing, and price fluctuations of raw materials for the processing units, while the major problems faced by wholesalers identified were timely availability and quality related issues.

Liability Limits of Transport Commission Agent

Considering the importance of transport commission agent's work and through the examination of transport commission agent's liability, the intensity and burden of transport commission agent's liability is shown. The legal nature of a transport commission agent's obligation is an obligation to achieve a result, thus he usually has to contract out of liability, either through the legal limits of liability where the law established the legal exemptions that the transport commission agent would benefit from, as well as the agreement limits of liability through the cases in which the law allowed the transport commission agent to establish a condition under the agreement exempts him from liability or specify his damage liability. Since the law prohibited the transport commission agent from establishing any condition that exempted him from liability in the cases of damage and injury, thus he is bound by compensating his agent fully for the occurring damages, except the cases in which the transport commission agent establishes a condition to limit his liability within the limits permitted by the law. Lastly, the development and importance of the transport commission agent's trade and profession and its resulting legal conflicts and problems are the reason behind conducting this study in order to identify the liability limits of the transport commission agent.

PECULIARITIES OF A PERSON'S CIVIL LIABILITY IN CASE OF EXERCISING THE RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE AND IN EXTREME NECESSITY

Civil law provides both general rules that provide the grounds and procedure for liability for damage to a person, and special grounds for bringing or release from such liability in the event that the person causing such damage carried them out in self-defense or extreme necessity. Therefore, it is important to clarify the specifics of civil liability of a person in the exercise of his right to self-defense and in a state of extreme necessity. The grounds and procedure for bringing a person to such responsibility are determined, the peculiarities of the subject composition are determined. A thorough study of the Civil Code of Ukraine to determine their compliance with the general principles of civil law and the need for appropriate changes and clarifications for proper legal regulation of grounds for liability and release from liability for damage caused by a person exercising his right to self-defense and in a state of extreme necessity . The development of civil legislation of Ukraine in terms of compensation for damage caused by a person in the exercise of his right to self-defense, in conditions of extreme necessity and necessary defense in order to identify gaps and contradictions and formulate proposals for recoding the Civil Code of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to define the concept of self-defense and extreme necessity, as well as to determine the grounds and conditions of civil liability for damage caused by a person exercising his right to self-defense or in extreme necessity, as well as sanctions applied to a person. The object of the study is the legal relationship arising from the prosecution of a person who caused harm in a state of extreme necessity or in the exercise of his right to self-defense and the application of civil sanctions. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: formal-legal to study the legal regulation of legal relations; analytical for the correct interpretation of the scope of legal content; system-structural to determine the legal nature of the studied legal relations; historical and legal for the analysis of the development of civil legislation; dialectical to identify contradictions in legal relations and legal regulation. It is noted that in determining the content of self-defense committed by a person, it is necessary to take into account the legal nature of legal relations, as the performance of self-defense actions of a legal nature are mainly contractual obligations, and self-defense actual actions – noncontractual obligations, including tort obligations. The prevailing position in civil science is that self-defense is a way of protecting civil rights and a non-jurisdictional form of realization of this protection. It is noted that self-defense can be carried out in the form of both factual and legal actions, which can be both legal and illegal. Manifestations of self-defense are measures of operational influence, which in science are called operational sanctions. They are designed to prevent specific offenses, usually in contractual obligations and can be applied by a unilaterally authorized person out of court. Varieties of such sanctions are unilateral withdrawal from the contract; unilateral termination of the obligation; actions of the commission agent, aimed at unilateral retention of the thing to be transferred to the principal, in order to ensure their claims under the contract; actions of the commission agent aimed at unilateral deduction of the amounts due to him under the contract, received by him for the principal. Illegal active and passive actions of self-defense can lead to harm to the life, health of the offender, his property, which can lead to prosecution of the person for the damage. The analysis of the norm of Art. 1169 of the CCU, which regulates liability for damage caused by a person in the exercise of his right to self-defense. It is noted that the norm of Part 2 of Art. 1169 of the Civil Code is formulated unsuccessfully, because it does not contain information about "another person" who was harmed by a person who carried out self-defense against unlawful encroachments, and therefore it is not clear who may be obliged to compensate him. In this regard, it is proposed to make appropriate changes to the norm under study in terms of clarifying the person who may be obliged to compensate, introducing the term "causer" of the damage along with the term in the article "person who committed an illegal act". As a general rule, damage caused by a person in cases of exercising his right to self-defense is reimbursed only if the limits of necessary defense are exceeded. In this case, the right to apply a sanction for damages has a person whose actions have become the basis for the application of self-defense. Damage caused to third parties in ways not prohibited by law and which do not contradict the moral principles of society, is compensated by the person who committed the illegal act, and in other cases – by the person who carried out self-defense. That is, in the first case, the third party has the right to apply sanctions for recovery. Keywords: sanctions, liability, protection, compensation for damage, tort, operational measures.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing and Constraints for Green Chilli in Jaipur District of Rajasthan

The present investigation was undertaken to study marketing costs, margins and price spread and problems faced by green chilli cultivators in marketing of green chilli. A multistage purposive and random sampling procedure was used to select district, tehsils, villages and farmers from the district. A sample of 57 farmers i.e., 10 percent for each category of each village was taken for the study. Muhana mandi was selected purposively for studying the nature and magnitude of costs and margins in the marketing of green chilli in Jaipur. From the market, 5 village traders, 10 wholesalers-cum-commission agents and 15 retailers were selected for study. Marketing costs, margin and price spread were estimated by using costs incurred by intermediaries, absolute margin, percentage margin and constraints in marketing of green chilli were measured by Garrett’s ranking method. Results revealed that the farmers adopted three kinds of marketing channels; channel-I (Producer → Village trader → Wholesaler-cum-commission agent → Retailer → Consumer), channel-II (Producer → Wholesaler-cum-commission agent → Retailer → Consumer) and channel-III (Producer → Consumer). Total marketing costs in sale of green chilli was ` 500.40 and ` 491.34 per quintal in channel-I and channel-II, respectively in the study area. Marketing margins of wholesaler-cum commission agent was ` 205.89 and ` 289.05 per quintal by retailer. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee in sale of green chilli was 69.68 per cent, 74.02 per cent and 100 per cent in village, regulated market and in direct sale to consumer. The key problems of chilli farmers in marketing of green chilli were low price of green chilli, lack of good storage facilities, fluctuations in market price, difficulty in maintaining quality standards and high transportation cost etc. For the lucrative production, the productivity of the crop needs to increase and price stabilization of the green chilli and elimination of market intermediaries may be induced.

Marketing channels, cost, margins and price spread of Bt cotton in Bharuch district of South Gujarat

This study was conducted for estimation of marketing cost, marketing margin and price spread through different marketing channels of Bt cotton in Bharuch district of South Gujarat region. Two major marketing channels were identified for the Bt cotton i.e., Channel-I: Producer  CCI (Cotton Corporation of India) and Channel-II: Producer  Commission Agent  Ginner  Consumer. The producer could secure about 88.24 and 83.00 per cent of consumer’s rupee in channel-I and channel-II of Bharuch district, respectively. Thus, the channel-I in Bharuch district was found to be more efficient as compared to other channels. The major problems faced by the farmers in production of Bt cotton found that, non-availability of agricultural labour during peak seasons, lack of availability of recommended plant protection chemicals, high incidence of attack from bollworms, non-availability of quality seeds of Bt cotton in time, lack of availability and high cost of recommended fertilizers, growth of weeds, lack of irrigation facilities.

Value chain analysis of shrimp of Dacope upazila in Bangladesh

Shrimp farming of Bangladesh is one of the most important contributors for its economic development and rural employment generation. The study examined the value chain actors, functions, governance and value chain mapping; estimated value addition in terms of cost and margin in Chalna, Tildanga and Bajua villages of Dacope upazila under Khulna District. Twenty five farmers and 55 traders were interviewed for collecting primary data. Descriptive analysis was performed for reaching the objectives.The study found that farmer, faria, bepari, aratdar, depot owner, commission agent/supplier, processing plant and retailer were value chain actors for shrimp. It was observed that value chain governance was dominated by external parties (legislative governance) and national bodies dominate judicial government. It was identified that processing plants add highest value at Tk. 228 per kg. On the basis of share of profit and cost it was revealed that processing plant was the dominant actor in the chain. Highest value addition, marketing cost and net value addition was Tk. 22800 per quintal, Tk. 13988 per quintal and Tk. 8901 per quintal incurred by processing plant respectively. Percentage of total cost and percentage of total profit was highest for processing plant at 62.85% and 43.71% respectively. The policy implication is that it is necessary to establish storage facility and government monitoring of shrimp markets for the improvement of the present situation. Progressive Agriculture 30 (1): 65-74, 2019

Reading for Soldiers and People: the Phenomenon of “Soldiers’ Library” of V.A. Berezovsky

The article is devoted to the well-known serial edition “Soldatskaya Biblioteka” [Soldiers’ Library] of V.A. Berezovsky, the commission agent of the Ministry of Defence, private publisher and bookseller of military literature. Since 1888, most of the works were published and republished under the title “Reading for Soldiers and People” and from 1894 to 1915 — “Soldiers’ Library”. The purpose of this large publishing project of V.A. Berezovsky was to promote intellectual and spiritual moral development and self-education of the lower military ranks. By 1915, twenty-five serial sets of “Soldiers’ library” — twenty stories in each — were published. Separate sets and works were repeatedly republished. The aim of the study is to show the noticeable role of cheap illustrated “military and moral” books in the acquisition of libraries for the lower ranks and company book collections of military educational institutions. The author collected the data about all serial sets and runs of “Soldiers’ Library” by 1915, its acquisition and distribution. The article presents the analysis of the authors and the content of the library, its presence in military and civil book collections.Commercial entrepreneurial spirit, common sense and taste of V. Berezovsky himself, the appropriate choice of authors and their works, low prices, design, accessibility and accuracy of the publications were of great importance in gaining the great popularity of the “Soldiers’ Library”. Its active advertising campaign, conducted through the official structures of the military and other Departments, as well as through the printed publications owned by V. Berezovsky, contributed to its promotion to soldiers-readers. Therefore, some of the works from the “Soldiers’ Library” were purposfully admitted for acquisition of book collections of lower schools, free folk libraries and reading rooms and were recommended for home reading for cadets of primary schools.The results of study demonstrate that the “Soldiers’ Library” was available in the catalogues of book collections for lower ranks, in company schools, in battalion, squadron, crew, battery and regimental educational teams of military units and military schools. The experience of edition of “Soldiers’ Library” was popular in the years of Soviet power: it was used in the series “Library of Red Army Soldier”, “Popular Scientific Library of Soldier” and “Bibliotechka of the ‘Sovetsky Voin’ magazine” [Library of the “Soviet Soldier” Magazine].

Testing performance of an interest rate commission agent banking system (AIRCABS)

This paper sought to analyze data and interpret statistical results in testing the performance of an interest rate commission agent banking system. Primary and secondary data were collected from banking industry in Ethiopia to test the research hypotheses, credit risk and liquidity crunch have no impact on AIRCABS, investor loan funding has a positive impact on profitability and sustainability of AIRCABS and discrete market deposit interest rate incentive has a positive impact on stable deposit mobilization in a bank. To test the hypothesis, statistical tools such as Cronbach’s alpha, Kuder-Richardson (KR-20), canonical correlation and multinomial logistic regression were used. The result showed that credit risk and liquidity crunch have no effect on an interest rate commission agent banking system, investor loan funding has a significant strong relationship with profitability and sustainability of AIRCABS and discrete market deposit interest rate incentive has also a significant strong relationship with stable deposit mobilization. This led to a conclusion that an interest rate commission agent banking system (AIRCABS) model is viable and reliable.