Purification of Used Cooking Oil by Alkali Neutralization and Bleaching of Bayah Natural Zeolite

Cooking oil that is used repeatedly at high temperatures will reduce the quality of cooking oil. This will trigger the hydrolysis and oxidation processes that will change the characteristics of the oil, such as an increase in free fatty acid levels and peroxide numbers. Purification of used cooking oil can be carried out physically and chemically. The physical purification of oil is carried out by using adsorbents, while chemically purification process is carried out with an alkaline solution. Physically, natural materials such as zeolite can be used, where zeolite is a natural rock or mineral which chemically has a large surface area to be used in the adsorption process. Chemically with alkaline solution you can use sodium hydroxide (NaOH). In this study, used cooking oil is purified by three stages of the process, namely despicing, neutralization and bleaching to comply with the SNI quality standards. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum operating conditions for the purification of used cooking oil in accordance with the quality standards for cooking oil. based on the results obtained by adding a NaOH concentration of 19% in the neutralization process and a zeolite concentration of 90% can reduce the acid number value of 2.4 mg NaOH/gr, the peroxide number is 7 mekO2/kg, the color degradation of used cooking oil is 51.83%.

ESTERIFIKASI DAN DEASIDIFIKASI MINYAK JELANTAH PADA PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS ABU TONGKOL JAGUNG

Esterification and deacidification of waste cooking oil using alkali neutralization for biodiesel production using corncob ash as an alternative base catalyst was carried out. This study aimed to attainone of the desired transesterification conditionsby reducing free fatty acids content of waste cooking oil. Esterification was carried out by reacting waste cooking oil and methanol with certain volume ratio and acid catalyst (H2SO4) at 50oC for 4 hours. Deacidification was carried out by adding 0.5 N NaOH solution (15% excess alkali) at 60oC for 30 minutes. Esterification of waste cooking oil using acid catalyst before transesterification with corn cobs ash catalyst significantly increased the efficiency of free fatty acid conversion (92.69%) under volume ratio of 25% methanol /oil and 0.5% acid catalyst for 4 hours reaction. Deacidification of esterified oil with FFA content of 2.29 mg KOH /g oil through alkali neutralization at 55oC using alkaline content of 0.8 N reduces free fatty acid content to 0.47 mg KOH /g oil. Transesterification results showed that biodiesel component of waste cooking oil was dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid / C18-2), monounsaturated fatty acids (palmitic acid / C16-1 and oleic acid / C18-1) and saturated acids (palmitic / C16-0 and stearic acid / C18-0). Most of the biodiesel products were similar to those of the diesel physical characters. Biodiesel made of waste cooking oil meets the biodiesel quality standard (SNI 7182: 2015) for such parameters of density, viscosity, acid number, saponification value, iodine number and cetane. Esterification and neutralization process are effective in reducing free fatty acids content of waste cooking oil before being used in transesterification with corn cobs ash catalyst. Keywords: esterification, neutralization, alkali, waste cooking oil, biodiesel, corn cobs ash

Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals (NCC) from Cotton Waste and Morphology of NCC Obtained with Different Alkali Neutralization

The extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) from cotton textile waste, constituted by 70% long fibers and 30% cotton linter, was performed through the action of sulfuric acid followed by solution neutralization with two different alkalis, namely ammonia and sodium bicarbonate, which yielded microcellulose (MCC), then centrifuged to NCC. The action of the two alkalis was compared as for fiber repeatability and morphology, and the results obtained using ammonia were considered more suitable for possible introduction of NCC for the repair of historical paper artifacts. This evidence was obtained by applying optical/polarized light microscopy observation and dynamic light scattering (DLS) results.

Study on the Effect of [Al13]7+ over the Free Swelling Ratio of Expansive Soil

The hydroxy-aluminum solution is prepared by alkali neutralization titration and the subsequent cross-linking tests are designed by mixing the hydroxy-aluminum solution and expansive soil, followed by the discussion on the influence of the molar ratio of OH- to Al3+ and ratio of total aluminum to expansive soil on the swelling behavior of the cross-linked soil. The free swelling ratio of the cross-linked soil decreased significantly, indicating that the main aluminum species that changes the expansion properties of the cross-linked soil is [Al13]7+.

Improving the Quality of Sardine Fish Oil by Degumming Using Sodium Cholride Solution

The quality of fish oil is determined by some parameters such as primary and secondary grade oxidation, fatty acid profile and physical qualities which include viscosity, density, color and clarity. Sardine fish oil by-products of fish meal processing can be a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly<br />eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Degumming is one of steps that can be carried out to improve the quality of sardine fish oil. The processing will help to reduce oxidation and eliminate the impurity of the oil that influence the quality of fish oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sodium chloride solution degumming on the quality of sardine fish oil to fulfill International Fish Oil Standard (IFOS). Fish oil purification was done by degumming of 5% H2O, followed<br />by sodium chloride solution with ratio of fish oil and sodium chloride solution were 1:1; 1:3, and 1:5. The sodium chloride solution concentrations of 5% and 8% for 20, 30 and 40 minutes. The next steps after degumming process were followed by alkali neutralization and bleached by absorbent. The best treatment<br />was at concentration of 5% sodium chloride solution, ratio fish oil with sodium chloride solution 1:1 on a long time degumming processed 20 minutes. The best quality of fish oil, according to IFOS, was resulted from the treatments combination of free fatty acid 0.21±0.00%, peroxide value 0.43±0.06 mEq/kg, anisidin <br />value 2.22±0.04 mEq/kg and total oxidation 3.11±0.14 mEq/kg.<br /><br />