ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНИХ СТРУКТУР ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

В статті розглянуто питання низької ефективності функціонування вітчизняних підприємств та обґрунтовано необхідність її підвищення. Виявлено неадекватність організаційних структур вітчизняних підприємств процесам, що відбуваються в реальній економіці, та негативний вплив цього на ефективність їх діяльності. Описано основні проблеми у формуванні організаційних структур вітчизняних підприємств та негативні наслідки до яких це призводить. Обґрунтовано необхідність оптимізації організаційних структур вітчизняних підприємств як передумови підвищення ефективності їх функціонування на ринку. Розкрито, що необхідність в оптимізації організаційної структури підприємства виникає у випадку суттєвих змінах ситуації на ринку, при зміні цілей і коригуванні стратегій підприємства, при досягненні підприємством певних етапів розвитку, коли існуюча структура стримує зростання. Визначено основні сучасні тенденції в розвитку організаційних структур підприємств. Наведено основні критерії за якими варто проводити оптимізацію організаційної структури підприємства. Розглянуто особливості вибору організаційної структури підприємства залежно від його виду. Описано основні етапи та принципи процесу оптимізації організаційної структури підприємства. Розглянуто основні підходи до оптимізації організаційної структури підприємства: функціональний підхід, організаційний підхід, процесний підхід, проектний підхід, бенчмаркінг. Проаналізовано практичну доцільність використання розглянутих підходів до оптимізації організаційної структури на вітчизняних підприємствах. Запропоновано використання програмного забезпечення для формування та оптимізації організаційних структур вітчизняних підприємств: ARISToolset, BonitaSoft, BPMN 2.0 CamundaModeler, Business Architect for ER/Studio, Erwin Business Process, Draw.io, FoxManager, IBM Rational System Architect.

“Cameralism” or “patrimonialism”: at the origins of Peter the Great’s reformation of higher management in Russia

The article presents the author’s interpretation of Petrine reforms of higher management in Russia. The author of the article asks the question, how successful was the attempt made by Peter I to create a rational system of public administration in Russia according to Western models? Among the main features of Peter’s reformation, the author highlights the lack of a clear and well-thought-out plan for the reforms carried out by Peter I, most of which were mainly “experimental” in nature, were carried out hastily and were subordinated to the tasks of the ongoing war with Sweden. Based on the analysis of the transformations carried out at the beginning of the XVIII century in the system of higher administration, the author of the article concludes about the strengthening of the personal principle in public administration during the reign of Peter I, which casts doubt on the widespread opinion about the formation of a rational system of public administration during the reforms carried out by Peter I. According to the author of the article, the use of Weber’s concept of “patrimonialism” (“patrimonial bureaucracy”) as a special type of domination based on the principle of personal loyalty to the patrimonial ruler (monarch) may become more correct in this regard when describing the Peter’s administrative system.

Philosophical Practice as a Way to Address the Students’ Existential Problems during the Pandemic

This article is devoted to the study of the academic and existential problems of students during the pandemic. The authors conducted sociological surveys among first- and second-year students of a higher educational institution, where they analyze students’ attitudes towards distance learning and identify the most pressing existential problems of students. The authors concluded that during the quarantine period, learning has lost its semantic basis. The reason for this is the inability of the education system to respond to the challenges of the new educational format, as it develops in accordance with the modern technology, as modern pedagogy develops, as a rational system of objective knowledge, and as it does not take into account the internal, value-based meanings of education itself. The authors see a solution to this problem in shifting the emphasis from transferring knowledge to helping students find personal meanings that coincide with the objectives of philosophical practice. The authors give examples of how the techniques of philosophical practice could unlock students’ potential in understanding and solving existential problems.

A Tribute to Experimental Physiology

Human physiology is the basis of any rational system of medicine. Experimental physiology gives insights into fundamental homeostatic and adaptive responses in health and further the knowledge of pathological mechanisms in diseases. Traditionally, a great deal of experimental physiology is done with mammalian and sub-mammalian vertebrates, frogs and toads but, increasing use is being made of experiments on human subjects, including the students themselves. The results of clinical investigations of hospital patients may also yield more detailed and relevant information than can be obtained from animal preparations. The interaction and collaboration between the scientist who aims to understand the functioning of the human body and the physician who aims to treat the malfunction is mandatory in modern medicine. This is corroborated by the fact that medicine is an art based on science. Keywords: Experimental Physiology; History; Tribute; Biography; Medicine

The priority of sports results as the main destructive factor in the training system of young football players 6-13 years old

Achievement of high efficiency of functioning of children and youth sports schools is possible only in conditions of building a rational system of training young football players. The rational system of training the sports reserve in football, among other things, involves the maximum realization of the athlete's motor and mental potential in the optimal age intervals for this. The orientation of sports schools towards achieving a long-term goal and full disclosure of individual capabilities, starting from the first stages of many years of training, is the key to the emergence of qualified and competitive players. At the same time, one of the main features of the system of youth football in Ukraine is the excessive striving of the majority of coaches of children's teams for a result in a match and victories in tournaments. The purpose of the research was to study the specificity of the orientation of various components of training young football players of 6-13 years old in terms of priority of the competitive result. Research results. The article presents the results of the analysis of the negative influence of the priority of the current competitive result on the content and orientation of various types of training. The nature of the changes in the orientation of the training process and their relationship with the level of preparedness of the players in the long term have been demonstrated. Taking into account the interconnection of different types of training, the consequences of planning the training process were revealed, provided that the current competitive results are of paramount importance at the early stages of long-term training.

RESOLUSI KONFLIK ROMANTIC JEALOUSY PASANGAN SUAMI ISTRI DALAM PRESPEKTIF HADITS KUTUB AL-TIS’AH

Romantic Jealousy or jealousy in a romantic relationship is a relatively common feeling. Romantic Jealousy is a divine decree that cannot be avoided and is not worthy of being hostile. Romantic Jealousy is part of the implication of love and loyalty. Romantic Jealousy is a kind of feeling of worry or fear of losing a life partner, with the presence of a third party who has the ability to influence, seduce and seduce. Romantic Jealousy is a reaction that occurs in a romantic relationship that is being threatened by a third party, both subjective and real, which is usually followed by a fear of losing their partner. When experiencing it, usually the rational system does not work as it should. This article focuses on the study of the romantic jealousy hadiths of the Prophet's wives, especially isyah's romantic jealousy to Umm Salamah, to Ḥafṣah, to Shofiyyah, and to Khadījah as well as Hafsah's romantic jealousy to isyah along with the resolution of the Prophet's conflicts contained in al-Kutub al- Tis'ah and only revolves around the level of meaning.

Analysis of the experience of the Soviet methods of teaching foreign languages and the possibility of using such experience in modern realities

The article deals with the possibility of creating a rational system for teaching a foreign language. Russian methodologists have previously developed original techniques for teaching oral speech, some of which can now be used in modern conditions. The development of effective methods of teaching oral speech and communication cannot be sufficiently successful if the methods and techniques developed earlier by both Russian (previously Soviet) and foreign methodologists are not studied and used. It would be appropriate to make critical use of the achievements of the past. The methodological principles of teaching scientists of that era were formulated at a time when the Soviet method of teaching foreign languages was in its infancy, when the Soviet school was going through a period of searching for new ways in the upbringing and education of the younger generation. One of the most interesting achievements in the field of teaching foreign languages should be mentioned the experience of the methodologist of the Soviet period N. S. Koblenz. The advantage of the N. S. system Koblenz can also be considered the organization of the study of the developed standard, which ensures greater activity of students their desire to creatively apply previously learned material in a new language situation. This is achieved by a skillful combination of semi-mechanical and conscious techniques of work. Assessing the views of N. S. Koblenz on the study of vocabulary, it should be noted that he was one of the first in the Soviet methodology in practice to select lexical material when teaching a foreign language. In all the texts of the lessons, and especially in the standards, only selected words and expressions are introduced, which the author of the method tries to activate as much as possible.

A Bayesian-Rational Framework for Conspiracy Theories

In our present era of fractured politics, social media, and fake news, conspiracy theories are as prominent as ever. While conspiracy theories are often dismissed as pathological or irrational reasoning, belief in at least some conspiracy theories could arise from a Bayesian rational system that is merely wrong, rather than truly irrational. This paper lays out a framework for understanding how conspiracy theories could arise from rational Bayesian cognition, identifying four potential sources for conspiracy theory belief in a primarily rational framework: elevated prior belief in CTs, different likelihoods, missing non-conspiratorial explanations, and non-epistemic utilities.