Forms of Building, Forms of Living: Viollet-Le-Duc’s Entretiens sur l’architecture and Zola’s Pot-Bouille

This article examines the historical and theoretical connections between architect Eugène Viollet-Le-Duc (1815-1879) and Émile Zola (1840-1902). By analyzing the ways in which Viollet-Le-Duc’s theory on domestic architecture in his Entretiens sur l’architecture (1863-1872) resonates in Zola’s Pot-Bouille (1882), this study illustrates how Zola’s text depicts the correlation between architectural form and ways of living. In light of the work of Viollet-Le-Duc, the particular characteristics of domestic architecture in Pot-Bouille are imagined to mould the personalities of the inhabitants, thereby shaping their domestic values. First, the ways in which Viollet-Le-Duc’s theory overlaps with naturalism are introduced. Then Zola’s own interest in architecture and his knowledge of Viollet-Le-Duc are documented. Finally, the article argues that, in Pot-Bouille, domestic architecture has an influence on the characters’ domestic lives and that a study of Entretiens provides a better cultural understanding of Pot-Bouille and the ways in which architecture was imagined to impact on people’s personalities.

American Grand Strategies

How do we explain the vigorous debate about what American grand strategy should be? Most of the proponents are Realists, and this is particularly true for the alternatives of Restraint and Deep Engagement discussed here. These camps disagree not about whether the US is in decline, but in how secure it is, how tightly the world is interconnected, how much commitments can be kept within bounds, whether alliances and military ties are necessary to underpin a productive international economic system, and the links between foreign policy and domestic values. Few analysts in either camp are willing to acknowledge tradeoffs among the significant values they hold, which indicates that psychological processes as well as analytical differences are at work.

Identity Crisis and Gender Performativity: Critical Discourse Analysis of Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies

This study provides a conceptual discussion by using Judith Butler’s theory of “Gender Performativity” that analyzes the tensions between self-identity and social identity. It proposes that identity is reflective of the correlation between the roles that people enact in society. The researchers scrutinized the role of gender and identity in the selected story of Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies. It will be investigated in the light of cultural and feminist criticism as well as their theoretical concepts. This study is conducted by using descriptive-analytic methodology as well as the materials available in the valid libraries. To conclude, the application of Butlerian theories to the selected short story provides the best opportunity for creating a balance between gender and identity spheres. It endorses the theory that gender performance is not the real hallmark of one’s identity. Indeed, formulating identity based on gender performativity is not necessarily incompatible with domestic values.

Rethinking Prosecutorial Discretion: Towards A Moral Cartography of Prosecutors

This article examines the justifications that a group of prosecutors employs when coordinating human trafficking investigations in the Amazon. The study is based on interviews with officials who work in Madre de Dios, Peru, a region affected by small-scale gold mining, whose demand for labour has increased the incidence of human trafficking. I draw from Boltanski and Thévenot’s polity model to elucidate three moral principles regularly endorsed by prosecutors in the course of criminal investigations: efficiency, civic and domestic values. Together these comprise a moral cartography of prosecution. This study from the Global South contributes to a more holistic—and pragmatic—understanding of prosecutors’ charging decisions, complementing research approaching this topic from the perspective of bounded rationality.

Winifred Holtby and the Fevered (Middle)Brow

Placing Holtby’s writing in extended dialogue with Woolf’s, this chapter argues that the pathological canon missed in ‘On Being Ill’ is partly realized in the period’s middlebrow writing, which contests the topic of embodiment with Woolf’s preferred highbrow. The gendered category of middlebrow—associated by Woolf with ‘invalidish ladies’—is linked to the gendering of illness as female. The chapter also discusses the role of cinema in distinguishing brows, and its use in South Riding as an opposing artistic force to sickness, signifying illusion and insubstantiality. Reading Holtby’s popular journalism the author argues that illness provides a way of gently satirizing middle-class moral domestic values. South Riding and Anderby Wold show models of female identity that are identified with illness and its care. These are not, however, oppressive but often liberating, providing a field in which women acquire and enact expertise, authority, and power in the interwar period.

The Domestic Impact of International Standards

Regulation is no longer purely a domestic affair. International standards now exist across a broad range of regulatory arenas, touching on issues that may be central to domestic values, such as the regulation of health, safety, and the environment. Although a number of studies have looked at the domestic impact of globalization more generally, few scholars have evaluated the effects of international standards, specifically. This paper investigates that issue, with an empirical focus on agrochemicals. Using original data on changes to US agrochemical regulations between 1996 and 2015, I evaluate whether and how domestic rules have changed in response to international standards. Contrary to common fears, I find little evidence that international standards primarily act as a ceiling, thereby undermining domestic regulations. Instead, international standards seem to serve as focal points, pulling nations toward leniency as well as toward stringency. These findings not only contribute to the broader literature on the domestic effects of globalization, but they also allay concerns that international standards could act as a regulatory cap, encouraging nations to sacrifice caution for economic gain.

Letters From Royal Persons to Vasily Zhukovsky and the Semantics of “Family Monarchy”

The article reviews the letters from royal persons to Vasily Zhukovsky. Based on these letters, the character of the epistolary dialogue between the poet and representatives of the Romanov dynasty and of the German dynasties is reconstructed completely for the first time. Zhukovsky was not the only writer who was warmly welcomed at court, but his case was unique. The poet organically joined the context of the new emerging ideology of “family monarchy”, in which a small circle of the imperial family, professing family and domestic values, acted as a prototype of the all-imperial unity of subjects symbolically included in the sphere of paternal relations. Moreover, Zhukovsky was one of the co-creators and translators of this ideology. In addition, Zhukovsky, originally a reader under Empress Maria Feodorovna, entered the circle of royal persons as a poet and remained so until the end of his life. It was his tireless work that designated a new stage in the interaction of power and literature. The system of literary patronage, which determined the sociocultural functioning of the 18thcentury literature, gradually faded into the past and was replaced by a system of literature friendly communities, in which informal groups were the centers of the literary process. The poet transferred these forms of communication to the court, transforming Pavlovsk and the circle of Maria Feodorovna, and then the circle of Alexandra Feodorovna, into a kind of a literary community. “Family monarchy” under the aegis of Zhukovsky acquired a distinct literary and aesthetic dimension. Art here became a necessary part of everyday life, which, on the one hand, set the standard for the royal persons’ thinking and behavior, and, on the other, opened up channels for interaction with friendly communities outside the court. The conceptual framework of “family monarchy” legitimized private and home-centered topics of communication becoming a powerful filter that set etiquette forms that hindered the possibility of discussing many issues, be it business problems or politics. Based on the letters of Grand Duke Alexander Nikolaevich, the article shows how such etiquette communication worked, including how Alexander reacted to Zhukovsky’s political reflections. On the other hand, the letters of the King of Prussia, Frederick William IV, demonstrate strategies for bypassing etiquette communication and going to informal friendly reflection. The appendix to the article is a chronological index of all known letters of the royal persons to Zhukovsky.

THE MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN HUNGARY BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS – THE CHALLENGES OF REORGANISING AND REPOSITIONING TOURISM

In 1920 the Treaty of Trianon concluding WWI caused the Hungarian Kingdom to lose not only two-thirds of its area and population, but the country’s most important tourism destinations as well. This is the reason why the “domestic values” of the country were valorised in the following period in terms of tourism. Both the remaining tourism supply and the demand had to face significant changes; for instance, the paying guest system was introduced in Hungary at the time in question. Some new investments were made from 1922 onwards in these destinations, such as the establishment of holiday camps and hotels, but the development of tourism was primarily supported through government regulations and the creation of national and regional tourism authorities. Due to these investments and innovations the interwar period became a flourishing era for domestic tourism.