Nonlinearity, Multilinearity, Simultaneity

This paper addresses three paradigms in epistemological structures that could serve as preliminary classifications enabling a systematic approach to past and current media phenomena such as hypertext, diagrams and ubiquitous computing. Nonlinearity is discussed by Vilém Flusser in the context of "technical images." In his own approach to go beyond linear text, Flusser and his publisher created a digital version of his book Die Schrift on a floppy disk (1987), enabling the reader to jump between chapters or to rewrite the text. Multilinearity is a concept that is revived within the diagrammatology discourse, transcending linearity through topographical ways of reading. Current examples can be found in arts and narratives such as Chris Ware's comics, who uses diagrammatics to blur the lines between the reader and the author. Simultaneity as a technological attribute is essential to current ubiquitous and pervasive technologies and services and draws heavily on Heideggerian concepts such as readiness-to-hand and background. In this epistemological shift, the information is instantaneously organized according to the user's needs. Each of these epistemological structures offers a different idea about receiving and creating knowledge, information and communication, paving the way for narrative and media strategies that are more and more determined by a 'reader' becoming a 'user' and a 'text' becoming a 'service.' Image Credit: Chris Ware’s Diagram on the interior of the dust-jacket from Jimmy Corrigan, The Smartest Kid on Earth.

NON-CONTINUOUS TEXT IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING IN TERTIARY EDUCATION

В данной статье исследуются возможности более эффективного развития навыков чтения при обучении иностранному языку в высшей школе посредством привлечения несплошных текстов. Авторы разработали ряд заданий, преобразовав традиционный линейный текст в несплошной и провели опрос студентов, который показал, что данный вид работы лучше отвечает интересам и когнитивным особенностям современных студентов. This article examines the possibilities for more effective development of reading skills in foreign language teaching in higher education by using non-continuous texts. The authors developed a series of tasks, transforming a traditional linear text into a non-continuous one and conducted a survey of students, which showed that this type of work better meets the cognitive characteristics and interests of modern students.

Biomedical Named Entity Recognition Using the SVM Methodologies and bio Tagging Schemes

Biomedical Named Entity Recognition (BNER) is identification of entities such as drugs, genes, and chemicals from biomedical text, which help in information extraction from the domain literature. It would allow extracting information such as drug profiles, similar or related drugs and associations between drugs and their targets. This venue presents opportunities for improvement even though many machine learning methods have been applied. The efficiency can be improved in case of biological related chemical entities as there are varied structure and properties. This new approach combines two state-of-the-art algorithms and aims to improve the performance by applying it to varied sets of features including linguistic, orthographic, Morphological, domain features and local context features. It uses the sequence tagging capability of CRF to identify the boundary of the entity and classification efficiency of SVM to detect subtypes in BNER. The method is tested on two different datasets 1) GENIA and 2) CHEMDNER corpus with different types of entities. The result shows that proposed hybrid method enhances the BNER compared to the conventional machine learning algorithms. Moreover the detailed study of SVM and the methodologies has been discussed clearly. The linear and non linear text classification can be mapped clearly in the section 3. The final section describes the results and the evaluation of the proposed method.

Marking up microrevisions with major implications: Non-linear text in TAG

The article discusses how micro-level textual variation can be expressed in an idiomatic manner using markup, and how the markup information is subsequently used by a digital collation tool for a more refined analysis of the textual variation. We take examples from the manuscript materials of Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse (1927), which bear the traces of the author's struggles in the form of deletions, additions, and rewrites. These in-text revisions typically constitute non-linear, discontinuous, or multi-hierarchical information structures. While digital technology has been instrumental in supporting manuscript research, the current data models for text provide only limited support for co-existing hierarchies or non-linear text features. The hypergraph data model of TAG is specifically designed to support and facilitate the study of complex manuscript text by way of its syntax TAGML and the collation tool HyperCollate. The article demonstrates how the study of textual variation can be augmented by designated markup to express the in-text, micro-level revisions, and by computer-assisted collation that takes into account that information.

Post-dramatically: Russian theatre and its borders

The article is devoted to the interpretation of the concept of postdramatic theatre as applied to the stage practice of modern Russian theatre. Despite the controversial theoretical status of the concept of postdramatic theatre, it is a convenient generalizing term to mark the directions towards expansion of theatrical boundaries that has taken place in recent decades in Russian and world theatre. The article gives various examples from modern Russian theatre practice, and explores such trends as the theatre going beyond the stage and the theatre building, the mediation of theatricality by means of modern communications, the refusal of linear text reproduction, and the documentary theatre. The modern Russian theatre breaks down ‘the fourth wall’, enriches itself with performance and engages in social work; it revises its goals, moving from purely aesthetic to research tasks, turning it from a cathedra into a full-fledged means of communication.

Didactic potential of comics

In the article, the author analyzes the conditions for a subject’s existence in the post-informational society, which lead to forming a new style of thinking in the younger generation, functioning outside the textocentric paradigm. The author raises the actual problem of the education system, since it is impossible to build a successful learning process without meeting the demands of the time, without taking into account the peculiarities of perceiving the world by modern people. In the youth environment, the screen (clip) style of thinking has long prevailed, which in the process of cognition is based on visual images. In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that, responding to the new style of thinking, it is necessary to strive for a combination of methods of working with linear text and visual sources of information, to which a modern person is so receptive. This harmonious combination is provided by a comic strip with rich didactic potential. The article describes the positive aspects of using comics in the educational process and examines an example of using comics in philosophy classes.

The Correlation between Multiple Intelligence Scores and English Language Reading Skill among Business Management Students

The growth of methods in doing business has made it vital for students in that area to be exposed to theirMultiple Intelligence in relation with their skills in English Language. Concerning the fact that English isa universal language and reading is one of the fundamental skills in marketing, it is essential for thestudents to recognize their Multiple Intelligence to determine their best approach in doing business. Thus,a study was carried out among Business Management students in UiTM Alor Gajah Melaka to identifythe relationship of Multiple Intelligence and the students’ performance on two types of reading textswhich are the linear and non-linear. The findings show that the most significant Intelligence of thestudents is interrelated with their reading skills. Indeed, it is necessary for the students in BusinessStudies to get exposed to their significant Intelligence especially its relation in the skills of using Englishas a medium of communication in written and spoken forms. Keywords: reading skills, linear text, non-linear text, business strategies

Introducing a new tool to navigate, understand and use International Codes of Nomenclature

Background In order to designate the various concepts of taxa in biology, evolution and paleontology, scientists have developed various rules on how to create unique names for taxa. Different Codes of Nomenclature have been developed for animals, plants, fungi, bacteria etc., with standard sets of Rules that govern the formation, publication and application of the nomina of extant and extinct species. These Codes are the result of decades of discussions, workshops, publications and revisions. The structure and complexity of these Codes have been criticized many times by zoologists. This project aims, using the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature as a case study, to show that the structure of these Codes is better reflected and understood as networks. Methods The majority of the text of the Code has been divided into hundreds of Nodes of different types, connected to each other with different types of Edges to form a network. The various mathematical descriptors of the entire system, as well as for the elements of the network, have been conceptually framed to help describing and understanding the Code as a network. Results The network of the Code comprises 1,379 Nodes, which are connected with 11,276 Edges. The structure of the Code can be accurately described as a network, a mathematical structure that is better suited than any kind of linear text publication to reflect its structure. Discussion Thinking of the Code as a network allows a better, in-depth understanding of the Code itself, as the user can navigate in a more efficient way, as well as to depict and analyze all the implied connections between the various parts of the Code that are not visible immediately. The network of the Code is an open access tool that could also help teaching, using and disseminating the Code. More importantly, this network is a powerful tool that allows identifying a priori the parts of the Code that could be potentially affected by upcoming amendment and revisions. This kind of analysis is not limited to nomenclature, as it could be applied to other fields that use complex textbooks with long editing history, such as Law, Medicine and Linguistics.

Nonlinearism: The Paradigm That Replaced Postmodernism. On the Materials of Song Poetry and Cyberliterature

This article is an attempt to delineate a new paradigm in the literary arts (including print literature and song poetry). According to the author’s hypothesis, this paradigm cannot be attributed simply to the onset of “digital culture.” The primary reason for the emergence of the new paradigm is the transition from the modernist-postmodernist text to the non-linear text. The transition began in print literature, continued in song poetry, and found its ultimate expression in cyberliterature. The second reason was a change in the artistic paradigm. According to Roland Barthes, in literature, the era of authorial intent (with the author’s mind as the focus) had given way to the period of textuality before reception (which focused on consciousness) became dominant. In this article, the author hypothesizes that at the end of the twentieth century the active postmodernist reception of literary texts was replaced by interactive nonlinear reception.