Physical Education, Sports, and Gender

Researching gender across physical education (PE), sport, and physical activity (PA) has firm associations with feminism. As a political movement for gender justice, feminist research examines the ways in which active bodies are dynamic and evolving. This feminist scrutiny is underpinned by scholarship that explores both formal educational and sporting contexts as well as informal activities. The term sport incorporates a range of physical practices, and a review of extant literature demonstrates the persistence of gendered power relations and the consequences this has for PE, sport, and PA. While the disengagement of girls in formal PE has been recognized as a longstanding and ongoing challenge, PE remains narrowly conceived and defined, often with negative consequences for the young people involved. Attempts to be inclusive in research practice expose a persistent dominance of the Global North in knowledge production in sport, PE, and PA scholarship and highlight prevailing discourses that impact negatively on engaging with complex issues in different contexts. Empirical research studies inform praxis whereby feminist researchers analyze barriers to participation across a wide range of contexts that are not limited to young people and that extend to policy matters far beyond PE, such as public health and numerous sites of negotiation for access at community level and to a vast array of informal activity. Key themes for researching active bodies include space and alternative contexts, shifting gender boundaries and disrupting binaries, intersections and difference, exclusion and inequalities, healthism and wellbeing agendas.

GRAĐANSKOPRAVNO UREĐENJE DJELATNOSTI LOBIRANJA

The Republic of Croatia does not have a legal framework for regulating lobbying activities. With the adoption of regulations governing lobbying, this informal activity is translated from the “grey zone” into an activity under the “watchful eye” of the competent authorities. Although there is a large amount of professional and scientific literature on the concept and activity of lobbying, it can be noticed that the academic community is much less concerned with the legal institute of lobbying contract, its classification, characteristics and content. The lobbying contract in the wider context of the Croatian science of civil law and legal practice, comprises the features of certain legal transactions, primarily a contract for services / or a mandate contract. The object of performing a lobbying contract is the execution of a lobbying activity, as a rule for a consideration, and in that sense, it represents a specific form of a contract for services. The mandate contract features found in the formation of the lobbying contract will also be emphasized. The paper aims at presenting the basic features of the lobbying contract and emphasizing certain outstanding issues that may arise in any legal regulation of this legal act in the Republic of Croatia. The comparative approach in the paper points to legal solutions applied by legal systems with a long lobbying tradition as a legitimate part of the legislative process. It also points out the plausible solutions that have emerged from the legal systems of predominantly former communist and transition countries, and which are all the more adequate to possible Croatian lobbying contract regulation.

Characteristics and the level of shadow economic activity undertaken by Ukrainian financial services companies

The article describes a proposed approach to assessing the level of informal activity conducted by enterprises in Ukraine’s sector of financial services. The author analyses hidden, informal and illegal activities of financial services enterprises, taking into account how these activities affect the efficiency of exploiting its potential to ensure the country’s socio-economic growth and highlighting priority measures that need to be taken in order to create conditions for an efficient operation of financial services enterprises within the legal framework.

The Contemporary Crisis and Its Influence on Informal Employment in Russia

The article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of the current crisis, the characteristics of its features and the impact on informal employment. The decline in incomes of the population during the crisis and the policy of self-isolation contributed at first to a reduction in demand for services of the informal sector. However, as the restrictive measures eased, the situation changed. Informal employment has long been studied in the economic literature, but the impact of cyclical fluctuations on it is interpreted ambiguously. In order to show the features of the impact of the current crisis, the authors analyze informal employment in the period preceding the crisis. To this end, they study not only the dynamics of the number of people employed in the informal sector, but also its sectoral and regional structure. The analysis has clearly demonstrated that the informal sector serves various categories of the Russian population and the structure of demand for its services among the population with high incomes differs markedly from the structure of demand for the population with low incomes. Nonetheless in Russian practice, many types of formal and informal activities are closely intertwined and interrelated with each other. Since the current crisis has primarily affected the service sector, it is in this area that there is an increase in informal activity in late 2020 – early 2021, and this t rend will continue in the near future

A CASE STUDY ON HOW PRIMARY-SCHOOL IN-SERVICE TEACHERS CONJECTURE AND PROVE: AN APPROACH FROM THE MATHEMATICAL COMMUNITY

This paper studies how four primary-school in-service teachers develop the mathematical practices of conjecturing and proving. From the consideration of professional development as the legitimate peripheral participation in communities of practice, these teachers’ mathematical practices have been characterised by using a theoretical framework (consisting of categories of activities) that describes and explains how a research mathematician develops these two mathematical practices. This research has adopted a qualitative methodology and, in particular, a case study methodological approach. Data was collected in a working session on professional development while the four participants discussed two questions that invoked the development of the mathematical practices of conjecturing and proving. The results of this study show the significant presence of informal activities when the four participants conjecture, while few informal activities have been observed when they strive to prove a result. In addition, the use of examples (an informal activity) differs in the two practices, since examples support the conjecturing process but constitute obstacles for the proving process. Finally, the findings are contrasted with other related studies and several suggestions are presented that may be derived from this work to enhance professional development.

Urban Design, Space Economy and Survival in the City: Exploring Women’s World of Work in Kumasi, Ghana

The nature of urban economic design in Kumasi, Ghana, is often reflective of neoliberal economic policies prescribed by Bretton Woods institutions during the economic reforms of the 1980s. The economic structure, which is characterized by uncertainties of formal jobs, has triggered people’s ingenuity to engage in novel occupations. One economic activity that has gained popularity in Kumasi is vending of roasted traditional food (RTF) by women. This chapter explores how women have used vending of RTF to overcome years of acute austerity in the “paid” job market. It concentrates on the economic, spatial, and social networks that sustain this informal activity. Drawing on multiple data sources, the results confirm how the structure of the city space has consigned RTF vendors to obscurity, yet their activities are responding to the economic realities of time—increasing urbanization, limited job opportunities, and accumulation of poverty. As a survival strategy, the vendors have developed social connections with clients and made their place comfortable in order to claim their rightful place in the urban space economy. We conclude that given their contributions, the vendors must be appreciated as agents of change and part of the urban system.

Motivating Factors of Informal Trade in Intermediate Cities of Ecuador: Application of the Factorial Model

This research aims to identify the motivating factors that influence the development of informal trade by merchants in the Republic of Ecuador. For this, the inductive method, at causal-statistical level, is applied; making use of a questionnaire as an information collection tool, with a sample of 310 informal merchants from a population of 3,600 located in the city of Riobamba. Factor analysis and linear regression are used. Results show that informal activity is related to unemployment, independence and necessity; being that informal trade depends on age, marital status, ethnicity, area, economic income, location, need, and lack of knowledge about public spaces and taxation regulations.

HUBUNGAN SETING KORIDOR ANJASMORO RAYA DENGAN AKTIVITAS PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA

The presence of Jenderal Ahmad Yani Semarang International Airport, caused many tourists to come to Semarang, and the impact of one of them was on Anjasmoro Raya corridor whose activities were growing. This phenomenon can be found with the presence of shops as formal sector activities and the development of pedagang kaki lima activities as a sector informal. This informal activity uses the shoulder space of the road which should fuction to support the transportation activities in the corridor, but is used as a place of sale by pedagang kaki lima, so there is a strength of property that supports the activities of pedagang kaki lima. This study aims to find the relationship between the setting of the Anjasmoro Raya corridor and pedagang kaki lima activity through the strength of property in the Anjasmoro Raya corridor. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of place centered mapping. The result showed that there was a relationship between the setting of the Anjasmoro Raya corridor and the activities of street vendors.Keyword: Settings, Pedagang Kaki Lima Activities, Anjasmoro Raya CorridorAbstrak: Kehadiran Bandar Udara International Jenderal Ahmad Yani Semarang membuat banyaknya wisatawan yang datang ke kota semarang, dan dampak salah satunya pada koridor Anjasmoro Raya yang semakin berkembang aktivitasnya, dimana gejala ini dapat dijumpai dengan hadirnya pertokoan sebagai aktivitas sector formal dan berkembangnya aktivitas pedagang kaki lima sebagai sektor informal. Aktivitas informal ini menggunakan ruang bahu jalan yang seharusnya berfungsi untuk mendukung aktivitas transportasi yang ada di koridor, namun dimanfaatkan sebagai tempat jualan oleh pedagang kaki lima, sehingga terdapat kekuatan property yang mendukung aktifitas pedagang kaki lima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan seting koridor Anjasmoro Raya dnegan pola aktivitas pedagang kaki lima, melalui kekuatan properti yang ada di koridor Anjasmoro Raya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan teknik analisa data berupa place centered mapping. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan seting koridor Anjasmoro Raya dengan aktivitas pedagang kaki lima.Kata Kunci: Seting, Aktivitas Pedagang Kaki Lima, Koridor Anjasmoro Raya

The dynamics of handcart as a means of informal transportation in support of logistics and tourism

Purpose The use of technology has remained a staple in modern day industry because it creates an enabling environment, which promotes innovation that has propelled globalization. Maritime and tourism are two such critical sectors that have benefited from such technology and stand to benefit more in light of the fourth industrial revolution. The handcart has been used by humans for centuries as a mode of transportation. It has remained relevant to this day, more so a positive contributor to public market experience in developing countries. Notwithstanding, this phenomenon remained largely under-explored and informal with little to no integration in the planning of public markets or market districts. As such, little study or research exists to inform policies to improve and integrate the handcart profession in the overall planning and rejuvenation of downtown Kingston, Jamaica. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the characteristics and benefits of the handcart logistics by investigating the socioeconomic and spatial dynamics surrounding the operations of this mode of transportation. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to completely grasp the complexity of factors that influence and sustain the handcart trade within the coronation market as well as its contribution to Jamaica’s economy. Collection of data was achieved via the administration of questionnaires supported by observations and interviews. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used along with satellite images to integrate spatial representations in the analysis and discussions of results. Findings Consistent with the reviewed literature, the results and analyses revealed that, despite the handcart’s informality and inadequate infrastructural support, handcarts are generally perceived as beneficial to market districts. They fill the transportation gaps where formal governance operations failed and contribute to the local economy by providing employment for low-skilled persons. The handcart industry has been sustained because of the need for the service by mostly vendors and shoppers but more so because of the economic benefits that have been accrued by builders, owners and operators. Research limitations/implications The research focused on handcarts used to convey goods and not carts used as mobile vending carts. In addition, the geographical scope of the research is restricted to the Coronation Market in Kingston. Obtaining knowledge about the sector poses a challenge because some or all aspects of informal activity are not recorded. Various opportunities exist for the improvement of handcarts. As such, they must be incorporated in any future transportation improvement plans in the city of Kingston, Jamaica. Practical implications Despite the attempts to regularize the handcart phenomenon in the downtown Kingston market district, the handcart operators are still not incorporated in various plans and improvement initiatives. Notwithstanding, the benefits to the transportation gap and local economy warrants the need to pay keen attention to this phenomenon and promote regularization. With the introduction of Kingston as a UNESCO Creative City in 2016 and the advent of Airbnb, the potential exists for exponential growth in cultural and community tourism in downtown Kingston. The use of the handcart can therefore be leveraged and integrated in the tourism package to facilitate the movement of tourist luggage from bus terminals and parking lots to their destination in the downtown communities. Originality/value The handcart system is a prominent feature of market districts in Jamaica and, as such, this research bears high levels of significance because it can be replicated or used as a basis to inform handcart policies and the design to improve logistics in any tourism destination. The research serves as a body of knowledge to “all and sundry” because it unearthed some of the handcart’s attributes and contribution to the local economy, can contribute to adequate layout of Market districts by government to incorporate the handcart system, facilitate their integration in cultural and community tourism and facilitate the handcart trade being viewed by society as a profession. At the advent of this Fourth Industrial Revolution, an upgraded design of the handcart may appear.

KARAKTERISTIK PEDAGANG INFORMAL SEBAGAI “ACTIVITY SUPPORT” KORIDOR JALAN KINTAMANI - BATAM

The Maitreya school and tourists who came to Maha Vihara Duta Maitreya made the Kintamani corridor increasingly active, can be seen by the existence of shops as a formal activity which was followed by the proliferation of informal activities.Informal activities using road shoulder that should be provided as an emergency route are used as a place of activity where this activity also moves the economy and social activities for the road user community, this activity helps especially students, students and the surrounding community to fulfill their needs because of their superior location and more affordable prices, especially when compared to goods and services provided by formal traders.The phenomenon of Informal Activity as the Kintamani corridor support activity is the purpose of the research so that the structuring of the area of informal activities is better and safer for the perpetrators of the activity. The technique of survey primary data collection is through visual observations in the form of observations of "time budget method" and photo media, secondary data collection techniques by searching for the needs of informal activities and the behavior of the perpetrators of these informal activities..Keyword: activity support , informal traders , setting area Abstrak: Sekolah Maitreya dan wisatawan yang datang ke Maha Vihara Duta Maitreya membuat koridor Kintamani semakin meningkat aktivitasnya, bisa dilihat dengan adanya pertokoan sebagai aktivitas formal yang diikuti semakin menjamurnya aktivitas informalnya. Aktivitas informal menggunakan bahu jalan yang seharusnya disediakan sebagai jalur darurat digunakan sebagai tempat beraktivitas dimana aktivitas ini juga menggerakkan perekonomian dan aktivitas sosial bagi masyarakat pengguna jalan, aktivitas ini membantu khususnya para siswa, mahasiswa dan masyarakat sekitar dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya karena keunggulannya lokasi yang lebih dekat dan harga yang lebih terjangkau, terutama ketika dibandingkan dengan barang dan jasa yang disediakan oleh pedagang formal.Fenomena Aktivitas Informal sebagai activity support koridor Kintamani inilah yang menjadi tujuan dari penelitian sehingga penataan area aktivitas informal yang menjadi lebih baik dan aman bagi pelaku aktivitas. Tehnik pengumpulan data primer survei dengan observasi visual berupa pengamatan “time budget method” dan media foto, teknik pengumpulan data sekunder dengan cara mencari kebutuhan dari aktivitas informal dan perilaku pelaku aktivitas informal tersebut. Kata Kunci: Activity Support , Pedagang Informal , Setting Area