The Internet of Sensors IoS in Oil and Gas Industry

In a highly sensitivity oil and gas upstream conditions, there is a need for a real-time interaction platform to cope with harsh environment. The oil and gas business faces data validity constraints in terms of reliability, accuracy, and repeatability to name a few. The Internet of Sensors (IoS), with appropriate utilization, will play a major role in the industry's digital transformation. Predetermined IoS platforms with applicable characteristics are functioning in critical oil and gas environment applications. For example, some oil and gas wells produces harmful gases, like hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Fiber-optic sensors can be used as a leak detection tool for H2S resistance to inform oil and gas curfew if harmful gas is detected at the well site using cloud computing. Scale and corrosion monitoring of external pipelines is one of the integrity challenges. Ultrasonic sensors are embedding for real-time scale thickness feedback and corrosion monitoring by utilizing wireless transmission directly to end-user devices. A paradigm shift is happening with the IoS applications in oil and gas operations for sensitivity, reliability, and accuracy that will add intelligence, smart decisions, and control to the operational landscape. A comprehensive review of the art in oil and gas IoS presented in this paper. The target is to evaluate state-of-the-art IoS platforms for hazardous environments such as oil and gas facilities in terms of type of sensors used, applicability, functionalities, linearity, and accuracy, type of output signals, outputs range, and materials used. This work establishes classification and comparison of the IoS for better data collection, communication, connectivity, observation, and reporting in the world of oil and gas sensors. The IoS platforms classified and compared in tables consisting of different characteristics for the best-suited IoS platform designs in oil and gas appliance applications. This will provide references for IoS design engineers.

Smart Electric Vehicle Charging via Adjustable Real-Time Charging Rates

This paper presents a plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging control algorithm, Adjustable Real-Time Valley Filling (ARVF), to improve PEV charging and minimize adverse effects from uncontrolled PEV charging on the grid. ARVF operates in real time, adjusts to sudden deviations between forecasted and actual baseloads, and uses fuzzy logic to deliver variable charging rates between 1.9 and 7.2 kW. Fuzzy logic is selected for this application because it can optimize nonlinear systems, operate in real time, scale efficiently, and be computationally fast, making ARVF a robust algorithm for real-world applications. In addition, this study proves that when the forecasted and actual baseload vary by more than 20%, its real-time capability is more advantageous than algorithms that use optimization techniques on predicted baseload data.

Intelligence system for monitoring and governing the energy efficiency of solar panels to power LED luminaires

Developed in this work are the principles for creation of a system to control and governing the energy efficiency of solar panels providing power supply for LED luminaires. Realization of these principles allows the most efficient using the electric power generated by solar panels, to save in a real-time scale the data about system functions as well as provide a complex analysis of these data. Optimization of using the electric energy generated by solar panels will enable to determine the maximum possible power in each specific moment and to automatically tune its consumption. The complex data obtained with this system can be further used for not only statistical fixation of the produced and consumed electric energy in fact but also for prediction of the energy amount that will be generated by these solar panels in future. The analysis of results will enable to optimize the area of solar panels and more exactly determine parameters of electronic components both for illumination systems and designing solar photoelectric stations of various purposes.

Development of Algorithms for Identifying Parameters of the Maritime Vessel Motion Model in Operating Conditions with Elements of Intellectual Analysis

The article examines the synthesis of algorithms for the estimation of the random parameters of ship movement models, based on measured information in field tests. In addition, accuracy analysis of the synthesized algorithms is provided. The derived algorithms are relatively simple and allow highly precise unknown parameters for estimation of ship motion models at the non-real-time scale to be obtained using the measurements recorded in field tests. The results can be used in the construction of automated ship control systems, or in the development of navigation simulators and the creation of ship models.

Design of linear surfaces that restrict the range of permissible positions of links of the manipulator mechanisms in implementation of instantaneous states

Linear surfaces are used in various spheres of human activity. One of the most common techniques of designing linear surfaces is based on the three directing curves. In some cases, one of these directing curves is not set, but rather replaced by some geometric condition imposed on the emerging surfaces, which can in form of a certain point correspondence established between the points of the rest two directing curves. The article reviews the example of designing such surfaces, which in an approximate form would restrict the zone that sets the permissible positions of links of the manipulator mechanism of certain given configuration in realization of permissible instantaneous states. The acquired linear surfaces underlie the algorithm for calculation of configurations, which do not intersect the restricted zone in case of a deadlock situation. The result of this research is the computer simulation of the motions of arm and torso mechanism of the Android robot using the obtained algorithm for calculation of configurations. The simulation of motion demonstrates that the use of linear surfaces in analysis of the relative position of the manipulator and restricted zones in the deadlock situations allows reducing the calculation time by 50-60 percent. Such reduction of calculation time is highly demanded in computer control of the arm and torso motions of the Android robot on a real time scale.

MHD simulation of flare situation above the active region AR 10365 in the real time scale.

Since the configuration of the magnetic field in the corona, where solar flares appear, cannot be determined from observations, to study the flare situation, a numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation is carried out above the active region. MHD simulation performed in a greatly reduced (10 000 times) time scale permit to obtain results on the study of the solar flare mechanism, but the magnetic field configuration was distorted, especially near the photospheric boundary, due to the unnaturally rapid change in the field on the photosphere. For a more accurate study of the flare situation, MHD simulation in the real time scale was performed above the active region of AR 10365, which was made possible through the use of parallel calculations. The MHD simulation in the real scale of time above the AR 10365 during the first day of evolution showed the appearance of current density maxima with singular X-type line and plasma flow, which have to cause to the formation of a current sheet.

Studying the polymerization efficiency of photosensitive compositions by using the surface plasmon resonance method

In a real-time scale, it has been investigated the polymerization process in photosensitive compositions based on oligourethanacrylates with various concentrations of photoinitiators by using the method of surface plasmon resonance. Experimentally determined were the speed of polymerization and induction period for the studied samples of photopolymerization compositions as well as their optimum ratio of components for the chosen illumination wavelength 407 nm. It has been ascertained that with increasing the concentration of photoinitiators Irgacure 651 and Irgacure 819 from 1 up to 2% the speed of polymerization is increased by 3 and 7 times, respectively, while the induction period is decreased by almost 2 and 10 times, respectively. The presence of Irgacure 819 in these compositions provides the highest polymerization speed and the lowest induction period, which is related with the optimal choice of the illumination source wavelength inside the absorption spectrum of initiator, and the competitive absorption in other components of the photopolymer composition is minimal. These investigations are useful for developing optimal compositions of the studied materials for using them in various branches of industry.

Synthesis of wireless telecommunication network with adaptation to refusals of central elements of average and high intensity

A technique of synthesis of a wireless digital communication network with package switching, providing transfer of video messages of real time scale between elements of multipurpose information-operating system in conditions of high failure rate of central elements, is considered. As conceptual model of a telecommunication network – the network of the mixed structure, including multipurpose devices, constructed on the basis of standards of a broadband radio access with switching of packages and two interconnected levels of network interaction of elements (local and main) is accepted. The technique of synthesis of a wireless network is based on the multilevel, combined adaptation of a telecommunication network in the conditions of refusals of central elements, which primary goal is rational change of parameters, functions of network elements in close interrelation with purposeful transformation of structure of telecommunication system subnetworks. The main objective of carrying out the combined adaptation of the network consists in achievement of necessary throughput of communication system depending on degree of failure rate of central elements. Properties of multilevel adaptation were investigated in the course of realization of the combined (structurally-parametrical) synthesis with use of the aggregate approach of modelling of difficult technical systems. Efficiency of the specified technique is proven by the results of the imitating experiment with use of the aggregate model of a wireless network of data transmission with switching of packages, obtained previously. The experimental data, received at natural research of networks of a broadband radio communication on the basis of standards 802.11 b/g/n, have shown, that time of processing of packages of a message essentially depends on use of existing ways of adaptation. In particular, application of effective algorithms of adaptation (both parametrical and structural) will allow to reduce the time of finding of details (packages) in broadband communication devices by several times and, thereby, to provide demanded throughput of the network functioning in the conditions of refusals of central elements.