From NAFTA to USMCA: Can a Good Idea that Came Too Late Be Born Again?

This article analyzes from the trade perspective the lower-than-expected growth dividends of the export-led strategy adopted by Mexico in the 1990s. Particular attention is given to employment, labor productivity, and regional outcomes. The North American Free Trade Agreement (nafta) caused Mexican exports to skyrocket in the first years of its implementation. This initial lift was quickly sapped by China’s emergence after its entry into the World Trade Organization (wto) in 2001. Recent years witnessed a renewed dynamism of Mexican presence in the U.S. market. In an international context marked by deglobalization and decoupling, this rebound is expected to continue under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (usmca). Yet, in order to deliver economic growth, Mexico needs to diversify the geographical location of its exporting industries. The analysis of Mexican exports shows also that idiosyncratic weaknesses, such as the low contribution of the business services sector or the deficient trade and transport infrastructure, must be addressed.

Prospect and potentiality of finger millet in Nepal: Nutritional security and trade perspective

Millet is an important food crop for ensuring food and nutrition security of smallholder farmers and marginalized communities in the hill and mountain of Nepal. The main objectives of the study were to assess prospects and potentiality of millet by analysing the area, production, productivity, and trade for the year 2009-2019. The study used a combination of exploratory survey and secondary data for assessing the production system, compound growth rate, coefficient of variation (CV), instability index (IIN), and trade specialization index. The results of the study are compiled and the synthesis of the analysis is presented in both tabular and graphic forms. Growth rate analysis showed that the area of millet is declining but the import value, production, and yield were increasing at the rate of 14.62, 0.47, and 0.73 percent per annum respectively. Import and export values and quantity showed higher CV as well as IIN while area, production, and yield showed lower values. The trade specialization index was found as -0.992, which indicates that millet is in the introduction phase. Out of the total millets area, 78% of the area lies in the hill, 19% in the mountain, and only 3% in the terai. The highest area and production can be observed in Bagmati province while the least was observed in province no two. The study implies that there is a need to increase production and productivity to reduce increasing imports and make the country self-reliant in millet production with increased investment in research and development and adequate support from national policies and programs.

OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF FAMILY BUSINESS GROUPS

This study seeks to analyze the relationship between the ownership structure of Family Business Groups and the institutional environment. Family Business Groups prevail in emerging countries as diverse organizational structures that aggregate various companies under the control of a family or a reduced number of people. This economically relevant structure is responsible for a significant share of countries' Gross Domestic Product and frequently congregates the largest private companies in their respective countries. Institutional reforms have been implemented in emerging economies in order to support the integration of other nations from a trade perspective. This paper contributes to the literature by developing propositions on the effect of institutional reforms on the ownership structure of Family Business Groups.

TRADE PERSPECTIVE AND AGRICULTURE POLICY PERSPECTIVE IN INDONESIA

Agriculture market offering with liberal global market as a consequence of the opening for the economy in Indonesia. Liberalization is due to unilateral policies and international trade agreements including both tariffs and non-tariffs. The purpose of this study is to determine Trade Perspective And Agriculture Policy Perspective In Indonesia . The methode that was used in the research is library research approach, this study means the whole activity of collecting some library data, reading making a note and analyzing of the research. The results of the study explain that agricultural producing countries as developing countries are at a disadvantage or receive very little profit from international trade. Liberalization can have detrimental effects that can threaten the domestic market and the interests of other staff concerned about the welfare of producer farmers and food security. This can occur due to production errors of resource ownership, mastery of technology, economic development and the government's commitment to the focus of the agricultural sector.

The Modeling Framework for the Need of Training Ship on Maritime Vocational Education

The seafarer’s profession will be facing a few strong challenges today and future next. Correspondingly, the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) requires tightly the maritime vocational education that must produce graduates with appropriate and needed competences related with international trade perspective in the shipping sector. In order to improve student skill, a training ship is needed by maritime vocational education as real practice for student. This research describes a modeling framework of basic ship design for training ship of the maritime vocational education. The modeling framework was divided into three parts namely the model of training ship type selection, the capacity of the training ship, and the main dimensions of the training ship design. The modeling framework was applied to Maritime Polytechnic of AMI Makassar as a case study. The research results show the selected type ship was passenger-cargo ship type 37.20. The capacity of the training ship was about 150 students with cargo capacity 50 ton. The main dimensions of the training ship design were obtained where length between perpendiculars (Lbp), breadth (B), height (H), and draft (T) were 72.00 m, 12.00 m, 5.50 m, and 2.53 m respectively. The main dimensions of the training ship design were corrected as well by the parameters of main dimension ratio, geometric form coefficient, weight, and initial static stability.

The Effects of AfCFTA on Food Security Sustainability: An Analysis of the Cereals Trade in the SADC Region

The signing of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) has stimulated a lot of trade potential in Africa that could see the continent significantly improving its intra-trade levels, thereby boosting the economic welfare of Africans. In light of food security sustainability in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region, this paper employed the World Integrated Trade Solution, Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS-SMART) simulation model to assess the potential effects of the AfCFTA on trade in cereals. Cereals have been regarded as the most critical component of food security. The model indicated trading partners for each of the 15 SADC countries, their level of trade creation, trade diversion, consumer surplus, welfare and revenue effects of any regional trade agreement. The results indicated that the AfCFTA will only lead to positive outcomes in four (Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar and Namibia) of the fifteen SADC countries, with the rest remaining unchanged. In general, previously closed economies, that is, economies which were not part of a free trade agreement (FTA) or a deeper arrangement will stand to gain more than open economies because they are already opened up at the free trade level, which is equivalent to the AfCFTA. Thus, as far as cereals and food security is concerned, the AfCFTA will add minimal value. However, the overall value gains are likely to be greater when all food categories are included in the simulations. In general, the study recommends that African countries should deepen their integration levels to perhaps common markets where production factors, that is, labour and capital, become mobile. This will have multiplier effects in improving continental food security sustainability from a trade perspective.

Trade War: Georgia vs. Russia

The following article focuses on the history of trade relations between Georgia and Russia that in the Author’s view eventually developed into the “trade war”. Enrolment of Russia into the WTO enabled subjection of Russia to the WTO regulations. Georgia, as a full member of the WTO, rather legitimately refused to allow Russia to join the organisation until Moscow would fulfil Tbilisi’s claims. One of the demands of the Georgian side was directly related to the separatist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which further complicated the negotiations due to the destructive actions of Russia. There are difficult issues connected to the Georgian position from the global trade perspective. The position deals with the legally political difficulties. The article provides insight into the problem regarding the Trade War from the Georgia perspective. Gruzijas un Krievijas sarunām par iestāšanos Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijā ir sena vēsture. Gruzijas nostāju par Krievijas pievienošanos Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijai vienmēr ir noteikusi abu valstu politiski tiesiskā situācija. Gandrīz 18 gadus bija vērojama Krievijas ietekme attiecībā uz Gruzijas dalību attiecīgajā organizācijā. Jāatzīmē, ka Gruzija kā pilntiesīga Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas dalībvalsts pilnīgi likumīgi pieņēma lēmumu atteikt Krievijas dalību tajā, vienlaikus lūdzot izpildīt Gruzijas prasības. Jāpiezīmē, ka viena no Gruzijas puses prasībām bija tieši saistīta ar separātiskajiem konfliktiem Abhāzijā un Dienvidosetijā, kas vēl vairāk sarežģīja sarunas Krievijas darbības dēļ. Sarunas par Krievijas pievienošanos Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijai sākās 2002. gadā, un pārrunu laikā tika vērotas vairākas politiski tiesiska rakstura darbības, kas ietekmēja turpmāko attiecību scenāriju. Veiktais pētījums norāda uz to, ka gadījumā, ja Gruzija atver tirdzniecības koridorus, pamatojoties uz Krievijas un Gruzijas 2011. gada nolīgumu, tad valsts vispirms ievēro savas intereses. Šajā procesā ir svarīgs aktīvs Gruzijas un tās sabiedroto, tostarp Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas, Eiropas Savienības un Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas, atbalsts. Jāatzīmē, ka Gruzijas noteiktā embargo atcelšanu Krievijai noteica 2011. gadā parakstītais nolīgums, uz kura pamata Gruzija piekrita Krievijas uzņemšanai organizācijā. Krievijas pievienošanās Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijai nozīmēja pārvērst valsti par civilizētu sistēmu un automātiski ieviest noteikumus, kas uzliek Krievijai pienākumu ievērot vispārējo vienošanos par tarifiem un tirdzniecību.