cognitive archaeology
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Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 030100662110695
Author(s):  
María Silva-Gago ◽  
Flora Ioannidou ◽  
Annapaola Fedato ◽  
Timothy Hodgson ◽  
Emiliano Bruner

The study of lithic technology can provide information on human cultural evolution. This article aims to analyse visual behaviour associated with the exploration of ancient stone artefacts and how this relates to perceptual mechanisms in humans. In Experiment 1, we used eye tracking to record patterns of eye fixations while participants viewed images of stone tools, including examples of worked pebbles and handaxes. The results showed that the focus of gaze was directed more towards the upper regions of worked pebbles and on the basal areas for handaxes. Knapped surfaces also attracted more fixation than natural cortex for both tool types. Fixation distribution was different to that predicted by models that calculate visual salience. Experiment 2 was an online study using a mouse-click attention tracking technique and included images of unworked pebbles and ‘mixed’ images combining the handaxe's outline with the pebble's unworked texture. The pattern of clicks corresponded to that revealed using eye tracking and there were differences between tools and other images. Overall, the findings suggest that visual exploration is directed towards functional aspects of tools. Studies of visual attention and exploration can supply useful information to inform understanding of human cognitive evolution and tool use.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karenleigh A. Overmann

Numerical elaboration and the extension of numbers to non-tangible domains such as time have been linked to cultural complexity in several studies. However, the reasons for this phenomenon remain insufficiently explored. In the present analysis, Material Engagement Theory, an emerging perspective in cognitive archaeology, provides a new perspective from which to reinterpret the cultural nexus in which quantification develops. These insights are then applied to representative Neolithic, Upper Palaeolithic, and Middle Stone Age artifacts used for quantification: clay tokens from Neolithic Mesopotamia, notched tallies from the European Upper Palaeolithic, hand stencils with possible finger-counting patterns as documented at Cosquer and Gargas, and stringed beads from Blombos Cave in South Africa.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-30
Author(s):  
Jerzy Luty

The paper is a synoptic review of my monograph Art as an adaptation. Universalism in evolutionary aesthetics (2018), which is the analysis of the evolutionary theory of art — a theoretical phenomenon that has been developed in recent years, a discipline that explains the origin of human admiration for beauty and human inclination to create and admire art based on Darwinian theories of natural and sexual selection. The main objective of the paper is to determine to what extent the evolutionary perspective enriches our concept of art and whether naturalization and universalization of the analysis of art can be enlivening for aesthetics in the face of its crisis. On a more general level, the aim of the work is to demonstrate that the use of evolutionary hypotheses in the humanities, based on the achievements of, among others, biology and evolutionary psychology, human behavioural ecology and cognitive archaeology, can become a recipe for the conceptual and identity impasse in the humanities in general. In the paper I make a case for the claim that the evolutionary study of art and artistic behaviour indicates art’s inalienability “as a result of the inner human need”. It also formulates justified assumptions in a philosophical debate on the existence of aesthetic universals and the credibility of the universalist position in art theory. According to this, art operates as part of a natural, immutable apparatus of sensations, universal to all humans.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick L. Coolidge ◽  
Thomas Wynn ◽  
Karenleigh A. Overmann ◽  
James M. Hicks

Cognitive archaeology uses cognitive and psychological models to interpret the archaeological record. This chapter outlines several components that may be essential in building effective cognitive archaeological arguments. It also presents a two-stage perspective for the development of modern cognition, primarily based upon the work of Coolidge and Wynn. The first describes the transition from arboreal to terrestrial life in later Homo and the possible cognitive repercussions of terrestrial sleep. The second stage proposes that a genetic event may have enhanced working memory in Homo sapiens (specifically in terms of Baddeley’s multicomponent working memory model). The present chapter also reviews the archaeological and neurological bases for modern thinking, and the latter arguments are primarily grounded in the significance of the morphometric rescaling of the parietal lobes, which appears to have distinguished Homo sapiens from Neandertals.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karenleigh A. Overmann ◽  
Frederick L. Coolidge

We look back at the field of cognitive archaeology by discussing the moment of insight that inspired one of its pioneers, Thomas Wynn, to apply Piagetian developmental theory to the question of human cognitive evolution as understood through geometric relations in stone tools. We also review the work of other pioneers in the field, including Colin Renfrew and John Gowlett. We briefly describe the articles contained in the volume. Lastly, we look forward at where the field of cognitive archaeology may be headed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karenleigh A. Overmann

Complex systems like literacy and numeracy emerge through multigenerational interactions of brains, behaviors, and material forms. In such systems, material forms – writing for language and notations for numbers – become increasingly refined to elicit specific behavioral and psychological responses in newly indoctrinated individuals. These material forms, however, differ fundamentally in things like semiotic function: language signifies, while numbers instantiate. This makes writing for language able to represent the meanings and sounds of particular languages, while notations for numbers are semantically meaningful without phonetic specification. This representational distinction is associated with neurofunctional and behavioral differences in what neural activity and behaviors like handwriting contribute to literacy and numeracy. In turn, neurofunctional and behavioral differences place written representations for language and numbers under different pressures that influence the forms they take and how those forms change over time as they are transmitted across languages and cultures.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Wynn ◽  
Karenleigh A. Overmann ◽  
Lambros Malafouris

This essay introduces a special issue focused on 4E cognition (cognition as embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended) in the Lower Palaeolithic. In it, we review the typological and representational cognitive approaches that have dominated the past 50 years of paleoanthropology. These have assumed that all representations and computations take place only inside the head, which implies that the archaeological record can only be an ‘‘external’’ product or the behavioral trace of ‘‘internal’’ representational and computational processes. In comparison, the 4E approach helps us to overcome this dualist representational logic, allowing us to engage directly with the archaeological record as an integral part of the thinking process, and thus ground a more parsimonious cognitive archaeology. It also treats stone tools, the primary vestiges of hominin thinking, as active participants in mental life. The 4E approach offers a better grounding for understanding hominin technical expertise, a crucially important component of hominin cognitive evolution.


Author(s):  
Яна Евгеньевна Пискарева

В статье рассматривается значение керамических сосудов в ритуале и повседневной жизни раннесредневекового населения юго-западного Приморья. Источниками работы являются материалы трех рядом расположенных памятников: поселения Чернятино-2, городища Синельниково-1 и могильника Чернятино-5, датируемых позднемохэским и раннебохайским периодами (VII – IX вв. н.э.). Анализ керамических коллекций показал определенные предпочтения при подборе сосудов, помещавшихся в могилы. Сравнение с жилищными комплексами позволило выявить, что это были емкости небольшого объема, как правило кухонные, предназначенные для индивидуального использования. Также часть изделий изготавливалась специально для захоронения, о чем свидетельствует небрежность изготовления сосудов, несоблюдение пропорций. Автор приходит к выводу об особой роли керамики в ритуале. В то время как другие составляющие погребального обряда отличаются высокой степенью изменчивости, керамика остается постоянным компонентом в погребениях на всем протяжении существования могильника, что в свою очередь указывает на неизменные духовно-религиозные представления населения данного региона в меняющихся исторических условиях. ЛитератураБерезницкий С.В. Погребальные обряды коренных народов Нижнего Амура и Сахалина. К проблеме этнокультурных контактов и этнической истории // Россия и АТР, 2000, №1. С.109-117Болдин В.И. Городище Синельниково-1 – раннесредневековый памятник Приморья // Традиционная культура востока Азии. – Благовещенск : Изд-во АмГУ, 2001. Вып.3. С. 122–130.Деревянко А.П., Богданов Е.С., Нестеров С.П. Могильник Найфельд. – Новосибирск : Изд-во ИАЭ СО РАН, 1999. 93 с.Клюев Н.А., Джи Бён Мок, Ли Санджун, Болдин В.И., Гельман Е.И., Ю Ын Сик, Чхве Инха, Гридасова И.В., Дорофеева Н.А., Лящевская М.С., Пискарева Я.Е., Прокопец С.Д., Сергушева Е.А., Слепцов И.Ю., Юн Хён Чжун, Нам Хо Хён, Ким Донхун, Чон Юнхи, Стоякин М.А. Итоги исследований на городище Синельниково-1 в Российском Приморье. Тэджон: Институт истории, археологии и этнографии народов Дальнего Востока; Государственный исследовательский институт культурного наследия Республики Корея, 2018. 388 с.Нестеров С.П. Об использовании керамической посуды в погребальном обряде амурских чжурчжэней и троицкой группы мохэ// Проблемы археологии, этнографии, антропологии Сибири и сопредельных территорий: материалы Годовой сессии Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН. - Новосибирск, 2001.С.428-434Никитин Ю.Г., Гельман Е.И. Некоторые результаты исследования раннесредневекового могильника Чернятино-5 в бассейне р. Суйфун // Археология и культурная антропология Дальнего Востока. Владивосток: Изд-во ДВО РАН, 2002. С. 195—214.Никитин Ю.Г., Гельман Е.И., Болдин В.И. Результаты исследований поселения Чернятино-2// Археология и культурная антропология Дальнего Востока. Владивосток: Изд-во ДВО РАН, 2002. С. 213–227.Никитин Ю.Г., Чжун Сук-Бэ, Пискарева Я.Е. Археологические исследования на могильнике Чернятино-5 в Приморье в 2006 году. ИИАЭ ДВО РАН, ДВГТУ, Корейский национальный университет культурного наследия, 2007. 400 с.Никитин Ю.Г., Чжун Сук-Бэ. Археологические исследования на могильнике Чернятино-5 в Приморье в 2003-2004 годах. Пу Е: Корейский национальный университет культурного наследия, 2005. 185 с.Никитин Ю.Г., Чжун Сук-Бэ. Археологические исследования на поселении Чернятино-2 в Приморье в 2007 году. ИИАЭ ДВО РАН, ДВГТУ, Корейский национальный университет культурного наследия, 2008. 350 с.Никитин Ю.Г., Чжун Сук-Бэ. Археологические исследования на поселении Чернятино-2 в Приморье в 2008 году. – ИИАЭ ДВО РАН, ДВГТУ, Корейский национальный университет культурного наследия, 2009. 248 с.Пискарева Я.Е. К вопросу о хронологии мохэских паямтников Приморья // Мульдидисциплинарные исследования в археологии– Владивосток, 2014. С. 80–91.Пискарева Я.Е. Уникальные сосуды с раннесредневековых памятников Дальнего Востока // Россия и АТР. 2017. №4. С.171–185.Пискарёва Я.Е., Дорофеева Н.А., Гридасова И.В., Клюев Н.А., Прокопец С.Д., Сергушева Е.А., Слепцов И.Ю. Культурно-хронологические комплексы городища Синельниково-1 в Приморье в свете новейших исследований//Россия и АТР. 2018. №4. С. 138–160.Сынми Ли, Стоякин М.А. Погребальный и социальный аспекты керамики в Когурё // Вестник НГУ. Серия: История, филология. 2019. Т. 18.№ 5. С. 87–98.Чжун Сук-Бэ, Никитин Ю.Г. Могильник Чернятино-5, его могилы и находки // Столетие великого АПЭ (к юбилею Алексея Павловича Окладникова). Владивосток: Издательство Дальневосточного университета, 2008. С. 227-265Briick J. Ritual and rationality: some problems of interpretation in European Archeology // European Journal of Archaeology, 1999, № 2. P.313-344Douglas M. Natural symbols. Explorations in cosmology. London and NewYork: Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. p.183Gazin-Schwartz A. Archaeology and Folklore of Material Culture, Ritual, and Everyday Life // International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 5, No. 4, December 2001. P.263-280Manning C. M. Magic, Religion, and Ritual in Historical Archaeology // Historical Archaeology. 2014 а. 48(3). P.1–9.Manning C. M. The Material Culture of Ritual Concealments in the United States // Historical Archaeology, 2014 б, 48(3). P. 52–83.Renfrew C. The archaeology of religion // Renfrew, C., and Zubrow, E. (eds.), The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology, 1994, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. P. 47–54. Renfrew C., Bahn P. Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice, 3rd edn., Thames and Hudson, London, 2000. P.672.    


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy B. Henley ◽  
Matt J. Rossano

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