The manifestations of secularism in the Arabic literature of the Jahiliyyah period: A study prioritizing the views of Gus Bin Zaydah

Jahillayath means ignorance. The Arabic word Jahiliyyah refers to the zealous culture and civilized society in the Islamic case. It is against Islam. The Jahiliyya community is a brutal society with human characteristics cut off. Gus bin Zaydah was a literary figure who lived in the so-called Jahiliyya social period. It can be observed that Islamic thought is often exaggerated in his poetry and prose literature. Much of his literature, prose and poetry, speaks of the triviality of worldly life and the permanence of the afterlife. Death is expressed in many of his speeches and poems. This is in stark contrast to pagan literature. Therefore, this study seeks to introduce Jahiliyyah and express the uniqueness of Arabic literature and to reveal the secular expressions of thought in the literary aspects of the Jahiliyya period writer Gus bin Zaydah. For this purpose descriptive and analytical methods were used and studied.

Ethnomedicinal Plants Used for Cure of Sexual Dysfunctions in Humans by Traditional Hakeem’s of Malegaon Region from Nasik District.

Hakeem is an Arabic word meaning “Physician” or “Practitioner of herbal medicine”. Hakeems are practice Unani medicinal system i.e. the Greco Arabian system of medicine or Islamic medicine. Most of the Hakeems are practice on sexual disorders like Decrease in sperm count, decrease of viscosity of semen, erectile dysfunction, pre mature ejaculation and fluidity of sperms are common sexual dysfunctions of males and Leucorrhoea, Amenorrhea and Lactational amenorrhea (Postpartum infertility) are the common sexual dysfunctions of females of human being. The present study on these diseases is based on the collection of data from Hakeems of Malegaon region who practicing on these diseases from generations about 90 to 150 years.

Aziz Gazi-Mansur in Bakhchisarai

On the basis of various groups of sources, the author considers the origins and functioning of a spiritual cult complex formed in the medieval period around the Gazi-Mansur Medini Aziz in the southeastern suburb of Bakhchisarai. The phenomenon of a wide spread of azizes in the territory of the Crimean Peninsula connected, primarily, with a high popularity of various Sufi teachings with the population of the region, is analyzed. The author traces the etymology of the term aziz, in all probability derived from the Arabic word عزیز, aziyzun translated as “friend”, “neighbor”, “om-nipotent”, “precious”. Given the lack of reliable historical facts about Gazi-Mansur, a large number of legends and folk traditions have been studied in order to find information about this semi-legendary personality. The author admits that, a native of Medina, he might have been a companion to the Prophet (Sakhab). It was established that his grave could be only one of the places of appear-ance of the saint (maqam), where one could enter into a spiritual connection with him. If this as-sumption is correct, it is possible that such saints’ maqams may exist anywhere in the Muslim world where he could be popular. On the basis of the late 19th century photographic sources, the architec-tural appearance of the complex, whose centre was a tekieh presumably built in the 15th century, was recreated. The author has reconstructed the chronology of functioning of the spiritual centre that had been almost completely destroyed by the mid 20th century. The current state of the landmark, which is still in a state of neglect, is considered. Emphasis is put on the need for a comprehensive scholarl study of the complex based on fundamental archaeological research.

Derivation and its effect on the Qur'anic meaning through Tafsir Albahr Almuhit by Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi: الاشتقاق وأثره في المعنى القرآني من خلال تفسير البحر المحيط لأبي حيان الأندلسي

This study dealt with one of the important phenomena that actively contributed to the development of language, directing the linguistic and lexical connotations of the Qur’anic vocabulary. In order to reach the meanings that fall under it that had an effective effect on enriching the science of interpretation of the Noble Qur’an, and it is the phenomenon of (the derivation) that endowed the vocabulary of the language and the Holy Qur’an with breadth in its highest meanings, and carried it from the connotations that renewed the Arabic word with a structure and meaning, thus opening the horizons of breadth and inclusion, through Tafsir Albahr Almuhit by Abu Hayyan Al-Andalusi. This study came in two chapters: The first dealt with the derivation: its importance and types. It came in two topics: the first dealt with the importance of derivation, dealing with the definition of derivation as a language and idiom, and the second topic dealt with the types of derivation. The second chapter deals with the derivation and its relationship with meaning. Then the conclusion came to include a set of findings and facts that were dealt with in this study, and the recommendation of researchers in this field to pay attention to the issue of derivation because of its impact on the development of linguistic and Quranic meaning alike, followed by the margins, and then the references that benefited from it.

Migraine (Shaqeeqa) and its management in Unani medicine

Out of many disease conditions suffered by mankind since ancient ages, Migraine holds a significant position. It is derived from the word “hemi-crania” and is a type of primary headache. This disease is mentioned in the ancient scriptures dating back to the Mesopotamian era. It has been documented by Hippocrates (460–377 BC) in his treatise, further explored and explained on the basis of cause and location by Galen (131–201 AD). Later its etiopathogenesis clinical features and management was described by Al-Razi (850–923 AD), an eminent Unani physician. Migraine is a disease majorly affecting one side of the head and characterized by recurrent attacks of pulsating headache, mostly associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, with or without an aura. It is triggered by noise and light, based on the brightness, intensity, wavelengths or type of light that is being emitted. According to Unani physicians, the word Shaqeeqa is derived from Arabic word ‘Shiq’, meaning ‘a part’ or ‘a side’, hence the name Shaqeeqa. They describe it as a type of headache (Suda) in which pain occurs only in one side of head, and the causative factors for it are the morbid matters and morbid vapours (Bukharat e Radiya) arising from morbid humours which are either excessive in amount, too hot or too cold. It often results due to abnormal substantial temperament (Su-e-Mizaj Maddi) giving two variants acute (Shaqeeqa haar) and chronic (Shaqeeqa barid). The treatment mainly consists of elimination of morbid matter which is accumulated in the body, and strengthening the brain using brain tonics (Muqawwiyat-e-Dimagh).

ABOUT ANIMALS MENTIONED IN THE QURAN

The purpose of this article consists of studying the animals mentioned in the Quran, their use in the verses, methods of using images of animals in the narration and parables of a story to make them impressive, and their peculiarities. The article analyzes the causes and purposes of the verses of the Quran, which state that human activity is directly related to the animal world. Moreover, it studies the Arabic words and synonyms used to express the names of the animals in the verses. Arabic sources state that there are all living beings, all of which are called animals. Indeed, the word animal is the Arabic word that means life. Everything, if there is life in it, is in the state of motion, life is action, and it is life. It is also illustrated in the Quran that animals are as Ummah as humans, and more than 140 verses use them. Thus, the current article also explores these aspects of the issue. For example, in the Quran, animals performed various functions. For instance, the Hudhud bird was in the service of Solomon (p.b.u.h.) and, thus, it had the leading role. In Sura an-Naml, this bird came as a servant of the Prophet Solomon (p.b.u.h.). The article also studies the cases associated with animals in the Prophets’ miracles. Moreover, the article analyzes the verses in the Quran which provide information about some forbidden animals (for Muslims). It is necessary to study whether to eat the meat of animals or not according to Fiqh rules. The current article analyzes how Uzbek language commentators translated Arabic words of animals into the Uzbek language. For instance, various synonyms are used in Arabic to express the age, sex, and other similar aspects of a camel. In addition, in the Quran, there are such words as well. To depict the word camel the words such as ibil, bair, naqa, bahira, soiba were used in the Quran. In the conclusion part, the article reveals the importance of studying the animals mentioned in the Quran and their images.

Deradikalisasi Pemahaman al-Qur'an : Ayat-Ayat Jihad dan Qital

This study tries to explain the verses of the Qur'an which are often used as triggers for the emergence of radical actions. Most of the verses are verses of jihad and qital. The verses in text meaning symbolize something hard, because the meaning of jihad is serious while qital means killing. However, if a deeper study is carried out, will be found that the meaning of the verse cannot be seen only textually but also must look at environmental factors when the verse was revealed and the politics at that time. Then the Arabic word has a meaning that varies according to the context of the discussion. Then the word qital does mean to kill, but the verses that contain the word can not only be seen from the outward meaning but also reviewing the historical and sociological because al-Qur'an came down gradually according to circumstances and needs of people.Studi ini mencoba untuk menjelaskan ayat-ayat al-Qur’an yang sering digunakan sebagai pemantik terhadap munculnya tindakan radikal. Sebagian besar ayat-ayat itu ialah ayat yang di dalamnya terdapat kata jihad dan qital. Ayat ayat tersebut secara makna zahirnya memang melambangkan sesuatu yang bersifat keras, karena makna jihad adalah bersungguh-sungguh sedangkan qital bermakna membunuh. Namun, jika dilakukan penelitian lebih dalam maka akan didapati bahwa makna ayat tersebut tidak bisa dilihat secara tekstual saja tapi juga harus melihat faktor lingkungan ketika ayat tersebut diturunkan, perpolitikan pada masa itu dan kaidah-kaidah ulumul qur’an sebagai acuan dalam penafsiran. Dalam bahasa Arab ada kata yang mempunyai makna yang beragam sesuai dengan konteks pembahasan. Kata qital memang berarti membunuh, namun ayat-ayat yang mengandung kata tersebut tidak bisa hanya dilihat dari makna lahiriah saja tetapi juga meninjau jejak histrori dan sosiologi waktu itu karena al-Qur’an itu turun secara berangsur-angsur sesuai dengan keadaan dan keperluan umat.

Using Context Clues in Determining Contextual Meaning of Arabic Words

Language context plays an important role in determining the meaning of a word. To understand its meaning, it is imperative that context be considered. Today, many students have difficulty understanding the meaning of Arabic words as they are unable to understand the context. However, words, phrases or sentences in a text can serve as a guide or clue to understand the meaning of unknown words. This is termed as context clues. This study aims to identify how context clues help students determine the contextual meaning of an Arabic word. Their understanding process is analysed from the critical discourse analysis perspective using a three-dimensional model introduced by Fairclough (1989). This study was conducted using a questionnaire and interviews with twenty undergraduates studying Arabic language from five Malaysian universities. Five Arabic words were selected from five news texts quoted from the Arab news portal al-Ra’i (http://alrai.com/); covering sports, economics, politics, social and technology. The words selected have many meanings, depending on the context of the sentence. Students must determine the meaning contextually by stating the context clues in the text that guided them. The findings show that context clues can help students understand the meaning of Arabic words and enhance their understanding based on its sentence context. References

Building Arabic Paraphrasing Benchmark based on Transformation Rules

Measuring semantic similarity between short texts is an important task in many applications of natural language processing, such as paraphrasing identification. This process requires a benchmark of sentence pairs that are labeled by Arab linguists and considered a standard that can be used by researchers when evaluating their results. This research describes an Arabic paraphrasing benchmark to be a good standard for evaluation algorithms that are developed to measure semantic similarity for Arabic sentences to detect paraphrasing in the same language. The transformed sentences are in accordance with a set of rules for Arabic paraphrasing. These sentences are constructed from the words in the Arabic word semantic similarity dataset and from different Arabic books, educational texts, and lexicons. The proposed benchmark consists of 1,010 sentence pairs wherein each pair is tagged with scores determining semantic similarity and paraphrasing. The quality of the data is assessed using statistical analysis for the distribution of the sentences over the Arabic transformation rules and exploration through hierarchical clustering (HCL). Our exploration using HCL shows that the sentences in the proposed benchmark are grouped into 27 clusters representing different subjects. The inter-annotator agreement measures show a moderate agreement for the annotations of the graduate students and a poor reliability for the annotations of the undergraduate students.