scholarly journals Indigenous Family Labor in Agroforestry Systems in the Context of Global Transformations: The Case of the Inga and Camëntsá Communities in Putumayo, Colombia

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1503
Author(s):  
Vandreé Julián Palacios Bucheli ◽  
Robert Williams Cárcamo Mallen ◽  
Adolfo Álvarez Macias ◽  
Claudia Coral ◽  
Wolfgang Bokelmann
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Survey Interviews

The Camëntsá and Inga indigenous communities still rely on agroforestry systems for their livelihood attainment, although globalization effects have also reached their settlements. Agroforestry systems, especially home gardens, are experiencing reduced size and species diversity and therefore gradually disappearing. This research aims to determine the indigenous family labor contribution to agroforestry systems as a strategy to secure their livelihoods. The methods include a census, household survey, interviews with key informants, and direct observation. Family labor contributes to reducing production costs in agroforestry systems. Three groups of households were identified from the cluster analysis to determine the family labor contribution: smaller, medium-sized, and larger farms. The smaller farms register better economic indicators compared to the other two groups. In addition, they show a positive cost–benefit ratio and profitability, which is explained by lower production costs compared to the gross income generated. Although larger farms have higher gross revenues, these households also assume higher production costs and incur higher input costs. Medium-sized farms face the worst scenario. There is a relationship between the use of family labor and the achievement of livelihoods related to economic indicators and biodiversity and the variety of species harvested on farms and used for self-consumption. Family labor helps to ensure local food security and generate income.

Technical and Economic Evaluation of Three Types of Tomato Nutrient Solutions under Semi-Controlled Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lady Arbelaez ◽  
John Rivera ◽  
Alejandro Hurtado-Salazar ◽  
Nelson Ceballos-Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
General Production ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

<p>This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of three types of nutrient solutions on the development, performance, quality and cost of chonto tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em> L.) under semi-controlled conditions. The assessment was conducted in the farm Tesorito, Manizales, Colombia. An experimental design was established in randomized complete blocks (RCB), with 3 treatments, 4 replicates per treatment and 10 effective plants per replicate. The variables were: height of the first cluster, production per plant, yield t ha-1 and qualities of the fruit. The economic variables were production costs, cost-benefit ratio (C/BR), rate of return (IRR) and net present value (NPV). In general, production per plant was greater than 4.7 kg plant<sup>-1</sup> and the average yield was 92 t ha<sup>-1</sup>. The use of conventional fertilization (tt2) generated increased production of premium quality fruit with a value of 37.11 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, demonstrating that conventional soil fertilization implemented in this culture under semi-controlled conditions in the company of drip irrigation system in the root zone improve outcomes of productive variables, increasing profitability and competitiveness with a net profit of USD$ $ 25203.68 ha<sup>-1</sup>, with average selling price of USD$ 0.45 per kilogram and a unit production margin of USD$ 0.21 per kilogram, making this technology attractive and economically viable.</p>

Psychoeducational family interventions for schizophrenia in the last decade: from explanatory to pragmatic trials

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenza Magliano ◽  
Andrea Fiorillo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Status ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Family Interventions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Implementation Studies ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Effectiveness Studies

SUMMARYA number of explanatory RCT studies published since the 1980s have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of Psychoeducational Family Interventions (PFI) for schizophrenia when provided in combination with drug therapy. In recent years, there has been a shift from efficacy to effectiveness studies and great attention by the researchers in developing training programmes in these interventions for ordinary staff. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the studies on PFI for schizophrenia which have been carried out in the last decade in routine clinical settings or with at least a partial involvement of ordinary staff. These studies have been grouped into: a) studies comparing PFI with standard care; b) studies comparing PFI with individual integrated interventions; c) studies comparing different PFI strategies; d) implementation studies. The results of these studies reveal that, when provided in clinical settings, PFI have positive middle-term effects on patients' clinical status and disability, and limited impact on family burden. From a methodological viewpoint, these studies had several similarities, such as homogeneity of PFI models and mid-term follow-up assessments, and several differences, mainly in the intensity and duration of the family exposure to the intervention. Future studies are needed to identify the “best dose” at which PFI can be provided in routine conditions at the most convenient cost-benefit ratio.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of the Production of Amylases and Other Hydrolases by Aspergillus awamori in Solid-State Fermentation of Babassu Cake

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Machado de Castro ◽  
Daniele Fernandes Carvalho ◽  
Denise Maria Guimarães Freire ◽  
Leda dos Reis Castilho
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Aspergillus Awamori ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Major Application ◽  
Babassu Cake

Amylases are one of the most important industrial enzymes produced worldwide, with their major application being in ethanol manufacturing. This work investigated the production of amylases by solid-state fermentation of babassu cake, using the filamentous fungus Aspergillus awamori IOC-3914. Lab-scale experiments were carried out to generate input data for simulations of an industrial plant for amylase production. Additionally to the target enzymes, other hydrolases (cellulases, xylanases, and proteases) were also produced, enriching the final product. The most suitable fermentation time was 144 hours, when exoamylase and endoamylase activities of 40.5 and 42.7 U g−1 were achieved, respectively. A first evaluation showed a large impact of the inoculum propagation medium on production costs. Therefore, five propagation media were compared, and PDA medium presented the best cost-benefit ratio. The credits obtained from sales of fermented cake as a coproduct enabled a significant decrease in the production cost of the enzyme product, down to 10.40 USD kg−1.

scholarly journals Technological and socio-economic analysis of the local production system of the pink Zaragoza bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Caribbean of Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio María Martínez-Reina ◽  
Liliana María Grandett-Martínez ◽  
Lilibet Tordecilla-Zumaqué ◽  
María Del Valle Rodríguez-Pinto ◽  
Carina Cecilia Cordero-Cordero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Sale Price ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Predominant Type ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio

The objective of this study was to characterize the Zaragoza pink bean production system in the Colombian Caribbean from the technical and economic point of view. A survey was randomly applied to 32 farmers in producing areas. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, measurements of central tendency and contingency tables. The economic return calculations were made using a production cost pattern and economic profitability analysis techniques. The results showed that the average experience in cultivation is 12 years; the average age of the farmers is 48 years; the predominant type of tenure is property in 63% of the sample; and the mode of the area devoted to this crop is 0.5 ha. The use of family labor predominates in 65% of cases. 90% of the production is destined for the market, 8% is destined for self-consumption, and 2% is for seeds. Production costs correspond to 1,437 USD/ha, the average production is 1,700 kg ha-1, and the average sale price was 0.886 USD/kg, which generates a cost benefit ratio of 1.43% in three months of the productive cycle, from sowing to postharvest. This crop is profitable and stable inasmuch as its yields recover costs and generate profits for producers.

A Computational Method to Support Product Architecture Design

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Wyatt ◽  
David C. Wynn ◽  
P. John Clarkson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Computational Method ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Product Architecture ◽  
Architecture Design ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Cost

The choice of product architecture can affect many factors, from the technical performance of a product to the design effort required, production costs, and satisfaction of lifecycle requirements. This paper explores how computational tools can augment creative methods in product architecture design. It describes a method for synthesising product architectures in the form of networks of components. The set of architectures for a product is specified using constraints on the structure of the network. The method has been implemented as a software tool, and an example illustrates how this might be used in practice. Discussion of the example highlights some of the issues which arise through using the method, particularly those of constructing an appropriate set of constraints, and of identifying promising architectures from the large set of synthesis results. Further work will address these issues and evaluate the approach in practice, to compare the cost-benefit ratio with more conventional methods for architecture design (e.g. brainstorming).

scholarly journals Technical and economic indicators of milk production systems in the Caiuá sandstone region

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 42536
Author(s):  
Simony Marta Bernardo Lugão ◽  
Bruno Volsi ◽  
Gustavo Vaz da Costa ◽  
Edson Luiz Diogo de Almeida ◽  
Tiago Santos Telles
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators

  The aim of this study was to analyze technical and economic indicators of family milk production systems, with different technology levels, in the Caiuá sandstone area in Northwestern Paraná, Brazil. The analysis period covers the agricultural years 2002/2003 to 2013/2014. The categorization of the milk production systems was based on information from agricultural farms monitored by the Reference Network for Family Agriculture. The cost-benefit analysis method was used for the economic assessment of milk production. Based on the results, three family milk production systems were identified in the region, characterized by the use of low, medium and high intensification technologies for pasture management. The production costs per unit area were found to be higher in the system with high technology and lower in the system with low technology. However, although the total revenue in the production system with a high technological intensification is greater than in the other systems, the capital needed for a technological transition is higher. In all the systems, when the costs were deducted, including the return on family labor, there was a profit, even with the climate and soil constraints inherent in the region. 

scholarly journals Economic profitability indicators of minitomatoes organic production in greenhouses

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-252
Author(s):  
Haroldo F Araújo ◽  
Paulo AM Leal ◽  
Pâmela S Betin ◽  
Eduardo F Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Partial Control ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio

ABSTRACT Financial profitability is a factor as important as quantifying production using new technologies. This study was installed to evaluate short and long term financial viability of organic production of cherry tomatoes. Plants were grown in a greenhouse under diverse technological degrees for partial control of micrometeorological elements. The experiment was carried out at the experimental field FEAGRI/UNICAMP in three greenhouses with automated mechanical ventilation systems, evaporative cooling and thermo reflective screen. We cultivated Carolina cultivar in a spacing of 0.5x0.9 m, each plant conducted with two stems, under organic production and fertilization management. The average of production data of treatments {three greenhouses (A= climate-controlled, B= mobile screen and C= fixed screen), two cultivation systems (pots and soil beds) and five biofertilizer doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200%)} were evaluated using joint analysis. Thus, the economic indicators {cost benefit ratio (B/C), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and Payback (PV)} were evaluated through revenues and production costs. The best alternative to net monthly cycle profitability (500 m2) was approximately 1 and 1.5 minimum wage with and without particular labor, respectively, associated with the greenhouse of medium technological level, using soil bed cultivation system. The economic viability of the project in long-term interest rates above 3% (a.a) was consistent, but the payback period even with a rate of 1% a.a was high (6.54 years) in financing conditions.

Methods and clinical applications in nuclear cardiology: a position statement

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schäfers
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Cardiology ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Electron Beam Tomography ◽  
Partial Functions ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Medicine Today

SummaryNuclear cardiological procedures have paved the way for non-invasive diagnostics of various partial functions of the heart. Many of these functions cannot be visualised for diagnosis by any other method (e. g. innervation). These techniques supplement morphological diagnosis with regard to treatment planning and monitoring. Furthermore, they possess considerable prognostic relevance, an increasingly important issue in clinical medicine today, not least in view of the cost-benefit ratio.Our current understanding shows that effective, targeted nuclear cardiology diagnosis – in particular for high-risk patients – can contribute toward cost savings while improving the quality of diagnostic and therapeutic measures.In the future, nuclear cardiology will have to withstand mounting competition from other imaging techniques (magnetic resonance imaging, electron beam tomography, multislice computed tomography). The continuing development of these methods increasingly enables measurement of functional aspects of the heart. Nuclear radiology methods will probably develop in the direction of molecular imaging.

Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Leury Max Da Silva Chaves ◽  
Gabriel Vinicius Santos ◽  
Cauê La Scala Teixeira ◽  
Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The 19Th Century

 Bodyweight exercises (also popularly known as calisthenics) is a classic training method and its practice has been widespread since the 19th century, but little evidenced in the scientific literature over the years. This type of training aims to promote multi-system adaptations using body weight as an overload with no or few implements [1–3]. This characteristic makes exercise with body weight easy to apply, in addition to having an excellent cost-benefit ratio when compared to other training possibilities that require machines or materials [4,5].

Alternaria and Cercospora Leaf Spot Diseases of Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) – A Traditional Tribal Crop of South Gujarat, India, with Cost Benefit Ratio in Relation to Different Fungicides

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
P.B. Sandipan ◽  
P.K. Jagtap ◽  
M.C. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Guizotia Abyssinica ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio

Abstract Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) is an important minor oil seed crop grown in dry areas grown mostly by tribal and interior places as life line of tribal segment. Tribal people mainly use its oil for cooking purpose, above than that there were also other uses. Hence, the niger crop should be protected from the infection. The crop is affected by number of fungal diseases. Therefore, a field experiment was formulated for three years with the four replications at the Niger Research Station (NRS) at Navsari Agricultural University (NAU), Vanarasi, Navsari (Gujarat) on the foliar diseases of GN-1 variety of niger crop. In this experiment, six different fungicides along with one control have been evaluated to control the Alternaria and Cercospora leaf spot diseases, out of which all the fungicidal treatments were significantly superior over the control. Here, foliar spray on the incidence of diseases was compared with the control (without any treatment). All the fungicidal treatments were significantly superior over the control to reduce Alternaria and Cercospora leaf spot diseases of Niger crop. Treatment of Carbendazim + Mancozeb (0.2 %) with two sprays first from the initiation of the disease and second after the interval of 15 days recorded the lowest incidence of Alternaria (14.56) and Cercospora (14.94) leaf spot diseases of niger and recorded the highest seed yield 337 seed yield kg/ha along with the net return with cost benefit ratio graph.

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