RISK AND ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF ENTREPRENEURIAL STRUCTURES

The article reveals the features of risk and the specifics of ensuring the economic sustainability of entrepreneurial structures. It has been determined that the components of the economic sustainability of entrepreneurial structures are financial sustainability, production sustainability, personnel sustainability, investment sustainability, marketing sustainability, managerial sustainability, organizational sustainability, communicative sustainability, socio-psychological sustainability, innovative sustainability, environmental sustainability, technical and technological sustainability, market sustainability, sustainability of external relationships, sustainability of the institutional environment, sustainability of information support. It has been established that the procedure for managing the economic sustainability of entrepreneurial structures includes a risk factor, since the adoption of managerial decisions on issues of economic sustainability is probable. It has been established that the key factor influencing the economic sustainability of entrepreneurial structures is economic risk, which is based on internal and external sources of negative impact on the development potential of entrepreneurial structures towards its effective implementation and sustainable development in uncertain conditions. It is proved that the risk resistance of entrepreneurial structures is the main element of the overall zustainability of entrepreneurial structures and an integral characteristic of entrepreneurial structures as open socio-economic systems, which characterize the general possibilities of achieving effective and risk-free functioning. It has been established that one of the tools for creating favorable conditions for the functioning of entrepreneurial structures is risk management, the main tasks of which are to determine the object of management for a specific entrepreneurial structure, to establish the level of danger of realizing a certain risk, to determine the possible consequences and amount of damage, to assess the propensity of entrepreneurial structures to the risk of doing business activities, defining a system of priority directions for responding to a risk, developing risk management mechanisms for entrepreneurial structures. In the future, it is recommended to study the causes, consequences and components of the process of managing entrepreneurial risks.

Peut-on traduire une image? Implications de la créativité dans la traduction de textes audiovisuels

Multimodality is an integral characteristic of Audiovisual Translation. Regardless of type and genre, audiovisual texts (i.e. film, TV series, videogame) are above all semiotic constructs comprising several signifying codes that operate simultaneously in the production of meaning. While audiences mechanically receive and interpret the information transmitted by each of these codes and signs, audiovisual translators must know their functioning and consider their possible impact on translation operations. In this context, images represent one of the major challenges to ensure coherence within audiovisual translation. This paper sets out to explore the main strategies used to explicit iconographic information in the target text. These practices typically involve, but are not limited to, the inclusion of linguistic signs related to the icon as well as the inclusion of signs belonging to other meaning codes, thanks to the possibilities that new technologies and digitalization now offer. Linked to the notions of transcreation and localization, these help target audiences fill gaps in the understanding of audiovisual texts, but also promote overtranslation. This may lead to an extreme domestication, a phenomenon in which foreign cultures would be erased. In this regard, we wonder if such practices will not assume a paternalistic approach to target audiences.

USAGE OF THE MOODLE PLATFORM FOR THE PURPOSE OF FORMATION OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING THE PHILOSOPHY COURSE IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the expediency of directing the computer-oriented learning environment to the formation of communicative competence of the future graduate of the higher education institutions. The forms of work of the university lecturer with students in the direction of formation of the communicative educational environment are described, on the example of the use of computer-based learning tools of the Moodle platform, in the process of teaching the “Philosophy” course. The following research methods are used: pedagogical observation, monitoring, analysis, generalization, concretization, systematization. The scientific novelty of the research is to study the communicative capabilities of the Moodle learning platform, ways of using them in teaching the “Philosophy” course in the university in order to form the communicative competence of future graduates and highlight the relevant experience of the Department of Philosophy and Pedagogy of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts (KNUC&A) in attracting them to work with students. The necessity of the formation of communicative competence as the basic integral characteristic of the person, the direction of educational and training activity of the university of any profile in this direction is substantiated. It is demonstrated that the subject content of the “Philosophy” course provides the formation of communicative competence at the theoretical and practical levels. It has been studied out that Moodle platform helps to create an integrated learning environment with well-established interaction of all participants, to form the communicative competence of future graduates. Keywords: competency approach; communicative competence; computer-oriented learning environment; Moodle platform; empathic relationships; dialogic educational model; teaching the “Philosophy” course; educational experience of KNUC&A.

Cybernetic estimation of reserve utilization efficiency

This study relates to the field of verification of cybernetic estimates of the use of reserves as criteria for the effectiveness of transformative class systems with a continuous supply of a technological product. The task set here attracted even more attention after the advent of improved approaches that make it possible to automatically change the control trajectories of technological systems in real time. In such cases, the assessment of the current status of the process and the efficiency of stock management has become an integral part of the operation of the management subsystems. Therefore, the development and verification of cybernetic assessment of effectiveness for such control systems is a relevant issue. The first stage of the reported research involved the development of a cybernetic model of operation with distributed parameters. Four formal features have been proposed. Finding integral functions of these features has made it possible to obtain an idea of some quantitative characteristics of the process while finding the second time-dependent integral characteristic has made it possible to represent the physical and cybernetic parameters of the process. At the second stage, formulas for calculating the main assessment indicators were proposed; their verification was carried out under three different control trajectories, which showed the adequacy of the devised approach. The final step was to develop three variations of the efficiency formula, which is calculated at set points in time throughout the entire production cycle. Thus, cybernetic assessment of the effectiveness of the use of reserves makes it possible to formalize and fully automate the processes of optimization and adaptation of the functional systems of an enterprise

Phytocoenology and Population Structure of Species of the Genus Malva L. in the Ganja-Gazakh Region (Azerbaijan)

The article presents the results of a study of the mallow genus — Malva L. characteristic of the meadow vegetation of the Ganja-Gazakh region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. From 11 species of the genus Malva L. distributed on the territory of Azerbaijan, 4 species (Malva sylvestris L., Malva nicaeensis All., Fl. Pedem, Malva pusilla Sm., Malva parviflora L.) are found in the Ganja-Gazakh region. The species M. parviflora was first identified by us in this territory. The species M. parviflora and M. sylvestris are not widely distributed in this territory. The structure of populations of M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species was studied. 7 populations in which M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species are distributed were phytocoenological evaluated. 3 cenopopulations in which the species M. nicaeensis is common were evaluated in different years. All groups of plant ontogenesis are found in the studied populations. It was found that in different years in the populations of these two species of the genus mallow, recovery is weak, and aging is intense. During the analysis of the population structure, reproduction indices — Ib and aging — Iq were determined, which are important population indicators. The integral characteristic of the demographic structure of M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species is determined, the populations are estimated, the composition, age (height) and the degree of effectiveness of their ontogenesis are studied. The dynamics of changing ontogenesis in the cenopopulations of M. pusilla and M. nicaeensis species in various environmental conditions, depending on the positive or negative influence of its factors on the structure of ontogenesis, is revealed.

IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON INTEGRAL CHARACTERISTIC OF HEALTH. PROSPECTIVE POPULATION STUDY OF WORKERS IN DANGEROUS PROFESSIONS

Aim. To assess the social status and methods of psychological protection of the individual in a number of organized populations in several typical regions (5 cities of Russia), as well as to compare the identified psychological characteristics with traditional risk factors (FR) and chronic non-communicable diseases in a prospective population study. Material and methods. In 2010 - 2011, in five cities of Russia (Nizhny Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod, Vologda, Nalchik, Omsk), screening was conducted on full (representative) samples from organized populations (at least 500 people in each, with a response to the survey from 80 to 90%). A total of 2,227 people were examined: 1,336 women and 891 men aged 25-75 years. In 2012-2014, a prospective (through 3 years) population study in the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Nalchik, Veliky Novgorod and Omsk. Screening of the same organized population was conducted in 1202 people (response-64.7%). The questionnaires for assessment of social-economic status, somatic and psychological health, life style index or psychological defense mechanisms, pathogen reflection, psychotism scale, hospital scale of anxiety and depression, international stress scale, as well as the moral potential of person were methods of screening. Results. It was exposed that among the mechanisms of psychological defenses primitive ones dominated, especially projection, replacement, denial and suppression; the pathogen reflection style was formed in the most of the respondents. In process of mathematic analysis we used the method of «simple cross-tabulation» for join all negative mechanisms of psychological defense. It gives us the possibility to show their significant connection with the most somatic diseases in the personal history (р<0,001). Conclusion. Psychological parameters significant dominate over physiological signs in their impact on the health. Thus it demands necessity to take into account the psychological status in the health improving process.

Typologization of russian regions as per environmental factors, factors related to educational process and schoolchildren’s health

The structure of children population determined as per health groups is an integral characteristic of population health in this age group; it can be used as a criterion in creating medical and preventive programs aimed at managing demographic processes and assessing their efficiency. Health disorders among children occur due to many reasons including influence by socioeconomic and sanitary-epidemiological factors, peculiarities of the educational process, eating habits, lifestyle, etc. Our research aim was to determine types of regions in Russia as per environmental factors, the educational process and schoolchildren’s health. Determining different types of regions was considered to be an information basis for developing common strategies and mechanisms for improving schoolchildren’s health. Typologization of regions as per health groups revealed that the most favorable situation was in 31 regions; the last favorable, only in 2. The most favorable situation as per the educational process was in 55 regions where schools operated in one shift; the least favorable situation was observed in two RF regions where schools had to operate in two or even three shifts. Relative sanitary-epidemiological welfare was found in 20 regions and the situation in 21 regions was the least favorable as per several markers that characterized quality of drinking water, ambient air, and soils. Socioeconomic situations in the regions were analyzed to reveal that only 3 regions could be considered the most favorable and 28 regions were the least favorable; the latter were combined into one cluster with the lower values of the relevant markers including gross regional products per capita, living standard, provision with qualified medical personnel and in-patient hospital beds. A situation in each particular region is a reflection of regularities related to influence exerted by a set of aforementioned factors on children’s health; this proves the necessity to create a road map for each region in the RF with feasible mechanisms aimed at improving the existing situation as per specific aspects.

Intergroup Contact as a Potential Path to Neutralize the Detrimental Effect of National Identification on Xenophobia in Germany

Proceeding globalization and the increase in global mobility entail that a growing proportion of people in economically developed countries have a migration background, so that cultural diversity has become an integral characteristic of many societies. Consequently, national identifications and attitudes towards immigrants are gaining importance in both international and intra-societal contexts. Previous studies revealed that in some countries, including Germany, national identification is associated with negative attitudes towards outgroups. In the present article, the interplay between national identification and intergroup contact is analyzed, with xenophobia as the criterion. The study is based on a cross-sectional survey amongst members of the majority population in Germany. It was predicted and found that the association between national identification and xenophobia is moderated by intergroup contact. There was only an association between national identification and xenophobia in participants with below-average or average levels of contact, whilst for those with above-average levels of contact, there was no significant association. Thus, the results point to the importance of contact experiences as a path to neutralize the effects of national identification on xenophobia, possibly by assisting in a redefinition of national belonging.

MODERN METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF COMPETITIVENESS OF ENTERPRISES IN THE SERVICE SPHERE

The main trends in the development of service enterprises are the increase of foreign capital, the formation of new economic ties, the integration of the domestic market of services in European and world markets. At the same time, the positive dynamics of development of the domestic market of services is constantly accompanied by unpredictable changes, primarily related to the economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to form a modern classification of methods for assessing the competitiveness of service enterprises. To achieve this goal, a range of research tasks was determined, including: 1) study of the essence of the efficiency and competitiveness of the activities of enterprises in the service sector, the order and main criteria for their assessment; 2) characteristics of existing methods for assessing the level of competitiveness of enterprises; 3) the formation of a modern classification of methods for assessing the level of competitiveness of enterprises in the service sector. Having studied different approaches to defining the essence of the efficiency and competitiveness of enterprises, the authors give their generalized definition, which defines the essence of the competitiveness of enterprises as a complex integral characteristic of its effective activity. Therefore, evaluating the efficiency of an enterprise, we also evaluate its competitiveness. Based on the above characteristics of existing methods for assessing the level of competitiveness of service enterprises, the authors propose a modern classification of these methods, which is based on the assertion that assessing the competitiveness of an enterprise is a sequential process that begins with assessing the market and the competitive environment, smoothly moving on to analyzing the position of the enterprise. among competitors, and ending with the evaluation of the product (service) itself.

Trends in the Economic Development of Democratic Kampuchea (1975-1979)

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to examine individual historical stages of Cambodia's economic development to establish the basis for further improvement of the economic system. The purpose of the research was to analyse analytically the development of the economy of Democratic Kampuchea and the role of friendly countries in it. The study on the stated subject was conducted using general scientific theoretical research methods, in particular, methods of analysis, synthesis, and comparison. The article examines the economy of Democratic Kampuchea in the middle of the second half of the 70s. It is determined that after gaining full independence from the French colonialists, followed by the struggle for independence against the Americans, and then the Khmer Rouge era, there was a need to restore and improve the country's economy. The study described the general state of the key industries of Democratic Kampuchea, in particular, light, food, agricultural engineering, heavy, electronic, construction, forestry, chemical, rubber, and military; the principles of conducting trade relations with the countries of the socialist and capitalist camps, and the development features of agriculture under the rule of the Khmer Rouge. The results of the analysis showed that during this period the republic managed to restore agriculture and ensure its subsequent growth, and the updated industry was already fully functioning with the help of the friend countries. The practical value of the study is determined by the integral characteristic of the economic system of Democratic Kampuchea, which contributes to the functional solution of the economic problems of modern Cambodia