scholarly journals Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Vincent Hort ◽  
Eric Abadie ◽  
Nathalie Arnich ◽  
Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein ◽  
Zouher Amzil
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Toxic Metabolites ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
The Future ◽  
New Metabolites

In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.

scholarly journals Preliminary Studies Regarding the Physicochemical Characteristics of Some Balsamic Vinegars

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Mihaela TRUTA ◽  
Maria TOFANA ◽  
Sonia Ancuţa SOCACI ◽  
Rowena CHELEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Grape Must ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Future ◽  
Balsamic Vinegar

The aim of this work is to analyze the chemical and physical properties of balsamic vinegar, in order to improve the chemical information about this product, useful for its authentication and quality evaluation. Using three balsamic vinegars purchased in local markets as samples, this study investigated the labeling and the physicochemical properties of commercial concentrated balsamic vinegar in order to understand their production method and quality. Two of the samples were balsamic vinegars from Modena (BVM) and the third was a balsamic vinegar from Kalamata (BVK). According to the labels, all the balsamic vinegars samples were made of grape must and had an acidity of 6%. The appearance of the samples of vinegar differed significantly, but the acidity from the label was the same for all. Since people are paying much more attention to health, the number of concentrated vinegar products is expected to increase in the future. Thus, appropriate rules and physicochemical properties are required to regulate vinegar production and quality.

scholarly journals Marine Macrolides with Antibacterial and/or Antifungal Activity

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz M. Karpiński
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Marine Macrolides ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
The Future ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Currently, the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is a serious problem. Marine organisms are the source of thousands of substances, which also have antibacterial and antifungal effects. Among them, marine macrolides are significant. In this review, the antibacterial and/or antifungal activities of 34 groups of marine macrolides are presented. Exemplary groups are chalcomycins, curvulides, halichondramides, lobophorins, macrolactins, modiolides, scytophycins, spongistatins, or zearalanones. In the paper, 74 antibiotics or their analog sets, among which 29 with antifungal activity, 25 that are antibacterial, and 20 that are both antifungal and antibacterial are summarized. Also, 36 macrolides or their sets are produced by bacteria, 18 by fungi, ten by sponges, seven by algae, two by porifera, and one by nudibranch. Moreover, the chemical structures of representatives from each of the 34 groups of these antibiotics are presented. To summarize, marine organisms are rich in natural macrolides. Some of these may be used in the future in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Marine macrolides can also be potential drugs applicable against pathogens resistant to currently known antibiotics.

scholarly journals Analytical techniques for metabolomic studies: a review

Bioanalysis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 2297-2318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Segers ◽  
Sven Declerck ◽  
Debby Mangelings ◽  
Yvan Vander Heyden ◽  
Ann Van Eeckhaut
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Supercritical Fluid ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Separation Techniques ◽  
Sample Matrix ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Metabolomics is the comprehensive study of small-molecule metabolites. Obtaining a wide coverage of the metabolome is challenging because of the broad range of physicochemical properties of the small molecules. To study the compounds of interest spectroscopic (NMR), spectrometric (MS) and separation techniques (LC, GC, supercritical fluid chromatography, CE) are used. The choice for a given technique is influenced by the sample matrix, the concentration and properties of the metabolites, and the amount of sample. This review discusses the most commonly used analytical techniques for metabolomic studies, including their advantages, drawbacks and some applications.

Decreased marine dimethyl sulfide production under elevated CO2 levels in mesocosm and in vitro studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valia Avgoustidi ◽  
Philip D. Nightingale ◽  
Ian Joint ◽  
Michael Steinke ◽  
Suzanne M. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
The Future ◽  
Climate Cooling

Environmental contextAs atmospheric CO2 levels rise due to human activities, more of the gas dissolves in the oceans, increasing their acidity. The effect of these seawater changes on marine organisms is largely unknown. We examine the consequences of higher CO2 levels on the production by plankton of dimethyl sulfide, a climatically active gas. We find that higher CO2 levels leads to lower concentrations of dimethyl sulfide in the seawater, which has potentially important implications for the future climate. AbstractThe oceans have absorbed approximately half of the CO2 produced by human activities and it is inevitable that surface seawaters will become increasingly acidified. The effect of lower pH on marine organisms and ocean–atmosphere exchanges is largely unknown but organisms with CaCO3 structural components are likely to be particularly affected. Because calcifying phytoplankton are significant producers of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), it is vital to understand how lower seawater pH may affect DMS production and emission to the atmosphere. Here we show, by mesocosm (Raunefjorden, Norway, April–May 2003) and in vitro studies, that the net production of DMS and its cellular precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is approximately halved in microbial communities subjected to doubled CO2 levels. Our findings provide evidence that the amount of DMS entering the atmosphere could decrease in the future. Because atmospheric oxidation of DMS can lead to climate cooling by increasing cloud albedo, a consequence of reduced DMS emissions from a lower pH ocean would be an enhancement in global warming.

scholarly journals Archaeometallurgical investigation of ancient artefacts’ degradation phenomenon

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Dwivedi ◽  
Jitendra P. Mata
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Processing Technology ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mechanism Of Degradation ◽  
Significant Attention

Abstract Archaeomaterials suffer from various degradation such as atmospheric corrosion, under-deposit corrosion and underwater corrosion etc.; however, the extent of degradation depends on the composition of materials, environment, manufacturing process and post-processing technology such as surface treatment like carburization etc. The corrosion (degradation) phenomenon of ferrous artefacts is very complex and has received significant attention for understanding the ancient metal technology and for designing the conservation pathway of historical artefacts. This review highlights the mechanism of degradation under different environments and also paves a path for the future studies by using different analytical techniques to advance the existing knowledge.

scholarly journals Phyllanthin: A Potential Lead Molecule for the Future Needs

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Azam ◽  
Makula Ajitha
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Future Needs ◽  
The Future ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Phyllanthin is an active lignan present in various Phyllanthus species and number of studies revealed that it exhibits various biological activities that include antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antidiabetic, immunosuppressant and anti-inflammatory activities. After thorough examination of existing literature it was discovered that there is currently no comprehensive review available on this significant phytocompound. Hence, an attempt was made to present the physicochemical properties, enhancement techniques of yield and bioavailability, synthesis, pharmacological applications and toxicity studies of phyllanthin. This report also highlights semisynthetic derivatives and mechanisms of action of phyllanthin for various biological activities.

A viewpoint from the trenches

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Sergius Koku
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to present the author’s viewpoint on the developments in the Journal of Services Marketing (JSM) during the past 25 years of his association with the Journal. The paper documents the evolution in the Journal, highlights significant changes and makes some prognostications for the future. Design/methodology/approach The paper relies on the first-hand account of the author, which is supplemented by limited qualitative data analysis that consists of analyzing keywords and the abstract of articles published in JSM during the past 25 years. Findings The first-hand account shows that JSM has undergone changes that reflect changes that have taken place in the field of marketing. The issues/topics of manuscripts submitted and published in the Journal have become interdisciplinary and so are the analytical techniques. This expanding scope of the Journal positions it well for the future in which collaborative research will be more pervasive in the academy. Research limitations/implications This is a first-hand account with limited data analysis and therefore could suffer from the writer’s biases even though they might be unintended. Practical implications This paper documents the expanding scope of the Journal that may have been the result of explicit steps taken to make the Journal more successful in the future. Originality/value As a first-hand account, this study is original.

Investigation of particulate matter performances in relation to chalk selection in classroom environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangita Goel ◽  
Rajesh Patidar ◽  
Krushnakant Baxi ◽  
Rajendra Singh Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Classroom Environment ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Dust Generation ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Average Potential ◽  
Board System

This study aims to understand dust generation in classroom indoor for different chalk varieties and their potential doses to receptors in correlation with their physicochemical properties. Two representative chalks of extruded calcium carbonate and moulded gypsum type (total four) were used for writing on ceramic and wooden boards. Chalks were characterized using analytical techniques. Investigation of Particulate Matter (PM): PM2.5, PM10 and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) concentrations in classroom air generated during the writing and wiping with chalk and board system was done. Dust collected beneath the board was analyzed for particle size distribution. Calcium carbonate made dustless chalks generate less PM during writing and wiping. They are quick settling and non-interacting with receptors, and deliver better utilization of material as compared to gypsum chalks. Physicochemical properties of the chalk constituents were invoked to explain the dust generation and its impact on the user. Surprisingly, dustless chalk made from Gypsum cannot be called really as dustless because of more PM emissions. The age-specific average potential dose for both PM10 and PM2.5 is higher for gypsum chalk as compared to the calcium carbonate chalks. The highest dose was estimated for the children in the age group of 6–11 years.

scholarly journals The future of WRRF modelling – outlook and challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pusker Regmi ◽  
Heather Stewart ◽  
Youri Amerlinck ◽  
Magnus Arnell ◽  
Pau Juan García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Complex Models ◽  
On Line ◽  
Calibration Techniques ◽  
Process Complexity

Abstract The wastewater industry is currently facing dramatic changes, shifting away from energy-intensive wastewater treatment towards low-energy, sustainable technologies capable of achieving energy positive operation and resource recovery. The latter will shift the focus of the wastewater industry to how one could manage and extract resources from the wastewater, as opposed to the conventional paradigm of treatment. Debatable questions arise: can the more complex models be calibrated, or will additional unknowns be introduced? After almost 30 years using well-known International Water Association (IWA) models, should the community move to other components, processes, or model structures like ‘black box’ models, computational fluid dynamics techniques, etc.? Can new data sources – e.g. on-line sensor data, chemical and molecular analyses, new analytical techniques, off-gas analysis – keep up with the increasing process complexity? Are different methods for data management, data reconciliation, and fault detection mature enough for coping with such a large amount of information? Are the available calibration techniques able to cope with such complex models? This paper describes the thoughts and opinions collected during the closing session of the 6th IWA/WEF Water Resource Recovery Modelling Seminar 2018. It presents a concerted and collective effort by individuals from many different sectors of the wastewater industry to offer past and present insights, as well as an outlook into the future of wastewater modelling.

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