HANDLING MULTI-LEVEL CLASSES IN THE CITY OF BATUMI

If we take into account the common teacher-centered or the one-book-fits-all approach, where the teacher is forced to focus on the middle level, many students at the top or bottom end of the language scale are left dissatisfied or demotivated. Once students are placed into a certain class they are regarded as being at much the same linguistic level in their foreign language, and a one-book-fits-all approach is often adopted in the classroom, where all students are required to work at the same pace and complete the tasks of the same difficulty. There are various scholarly approaches to the problem. This study aims to determine whether teachers are aware of possible techniques like differentiated work, dividing a class, letting students choose the task, other techniques, and what the frequency of their use is. The survey was carried out among the teachers working at both higher education institutions and secondary schools to find out how often teachers refer to different techniques. The results suggest that differentiated work requires much and thorough preparation on the part of a teacher, which becomes quite time-consuming at times. Therefore, teachers try to deal with mixed-level classes using mostly class division into groups or pairs. Moreover, teachers sometimes or almost rarely let their students choose what to do. A few teachers apply other techniques in their mixed-level classes. This discussion results in the following outcome – there is still the need to raise teachers’ awareness of the techniques to deal with students of different needs in class.

The North-South Divide, And Northernness in Road to Wigan Pier from George Orwell, A Novelist and Outsider’s View

During the time that George Orwell lived, the Britain society was on the edge of development and fluctuation, the north-south divide was an issue discussed by journalists and politics, nationally and regionally. George Orwell, by traveling up and down in the whole English territory, wrote down what exactly he saw and experienced in 1930s. In Road to Wigan Pier, he depicted the unemployment and living conditions in North of England, as well as the class division and his potential political views. Road to Wigan Pier influences historical and literature scholars and triggers huge amount of debates on the politics, economy and history of England. Most importantly, it is both a mirror of England in 1930s and a future-teller of the modern society that we are living in. As Benjamin Jonson has claimed, “ He was not of an age, but for all time!”. Most scholars consider the novel is in two parts: the first is the people he met and his physical experience in Wigan, Barnsley and Sheffield (the north). The second is his critical view on socialism in England and the middle class. In Road to Wigan Pier, and contemplating his personal background, what we can conclude is that George Orwell is a novelist, and he is neither a “north” nor a “south”. We have no persuading reasons of his work is not as the same value as those first-hand such as scientific data and photography. However, it is worth analysing his work with the record of the broad social condition in England. As a novelist and an outsider, we can see from the whole novel Road to Wigan Pier that he has his own perspectives on “northernness” from the aspects of employment, working-class and class difference. All these comments of George Orwell, since subjective and personal, especially trigger the politics’ thinking and the improve the social research orientation.

What the Poor do to Survive. (Im)Politeness and Classism in Brazilian Twitter

Research on (im)politeness (CULPEPER; HAUGH; KÁDÁR, 2017) has widely replaced the term ‘culture’ with the concept of ‘community of practice’, or by the umbrella-like term ‘interactional practices’ (MILLS, 2015, p. 30; MILLS; KÁDÁR, 2011). From this view, this study aims at examining hashtags related to the topic #What the poor do to survive, which include #thingspoorpeopledo (#coisasquepobrefaz) and three other variants, #thatispoverty (#pobrezaéissoaí), #poverty (#pobreza), and #poor (#pobre). To do that, data were collected from Twitter posts published in Brazilian Portuguese and listed among the trending topics in 2017 and in 2019. After we collected the posts and their accompanying hashtags, a qualitative analysis was performed, aiming at describing and categorizing the impoliteness strategies identified. In this phase of the research, over 400 tweets containing hashtags were analyzed. We found that the hashtags investigated primarily aimed at exchanging humorous messages, mostly associated with social class division in Brazil. At the same time, our findings also showed that the hashtags signalled a recurrent verbal behavior shared by a community of practice assembled under a tag (BRUNS; BURGESS, 2011; STARBIRD; PALEN, 2011). Additionally, our data demonstrated that hashtags had a dual purpose: while they employed mock impoliteness and sarcasm to reinforce valid social norms, they also promoted a jocular debate on classism and ideology in Brazil.

Class in Iceland

Individualization theorists claim that the socio-cultural changes of late modernity have dissolved class division and awareness. In contrast, this review of class research on Icelandic society since the dawn of modernization shows that class relations continue to structure inequality and that neoliberal globalization has increased class awareness. This is shown in relation to class structure, class politics, class inequality, class awareness and class culture. Moreover, it is argued that the strength and trajectory of class awareness in late modernity vary by welfare regime and that theorists overgeneralize declining class awareness based on highly differentiated, liberal welfare states. Heightened class awareness in Iceland is explained by the polarizing effects of neoliberal globalization, which represents a more significant shift for social democratic welfare states, where low inequality, comprehensive social citizenship and cultural homogeneity have long curbed perceptions of class division.

The Ancient Oriental Problematics of the Scientifi c Heritage of Professor O.A. Zhidkov

The article directed to research of the oriental direction in the scientific activity of the famous historian jurist Zhidkov Oleg Andreevich. We analyzed his author’s provisions from textbooks and scientific publications from the middle of the last century, in which he developed a non-trivial outline for comparative oriental studies, as an integral part of the historical school of the RUDN University. Among the important achievements of the professor Zhidkov, there is a bibliographic analysis of the authority works of Western orientalists and Russian oriental jurists, his specific approach to political genesis and the emergence of ancient law, and his polemics with Western orientalists on the varna/class division of the Ancient Eastern population. Zhidkov’s research is also aimed at the identification of a hydrotechnical type of economy (‘landwater commune’), and comparative historical description of the Eastern law and legal institutions. The field of discussion remains the systematicity of law and legal codification in the Ancient East, which his colleagues and followers of his teachings are developing in our days in the scientific heritage of O.A. Zhidkov.

Eat the Rich: The Parasitic Relationship Between Socioeconomic Groups as explored through film by Bong Joon-Ho’s Parasite and Snowpiercer

Bong Joon-Ho’s portrayal of Class and the war between those who inhabit either end of the socioeconomic spectrum has long been noted and explored by critics and scholars for years. In particular, his films Parasite and Snowpiercer offer a dynamic exploration of this topic. Existing conversation about these films delves deeply into the symbolism for class and status, but rarely do they come from an emphasis in food studies and the way food can be used to denote socioeconomic structures. While that conversation is growing, I hope to expand it further by focusing on the space and method in which food is consumed in these films through a socioeconomic lens. Parasite and Snowpiercer are essential to this conversation because of their careful use of space. There is a clear spatial divide between the lower and upper classes in these movies that is invaded by a group. With this spatial divide, we see food spaces change in order to reinforce a binary idea of how class structure exists. Along with the change in space, change in method is equally important to analyze. The difference between eating around a table and eating on the couch can be a subtle but powerful image to emphasize socioeconomic position. For these reasons, I seek to explore the way Bong Joon-ho uses food and consumption spaces in order to reinforce socioeconomic divisions in order to comment on the impact of class division through every aspect of the human experience.

A Survey on Preservice English Teachers’ Intercultural Communicative Competence in China

Enhancing pupils’ intercultural communication competence (ICC) is a key EFL teaching goal in China and the pre-service English teachers’ ICC plays an essential role in it. This study aims to investigate the pre-service English teachers’ ICC levels and whether there were any differences between their ICC levels and their genders or their family origins in a public university in China. Data were collected from 186 pre-service English teachers by employing Zhong et al.’s (2013) “Intercultural Communication Competence Self Rating Scale (ICCSRS)”. The results showed that the pre-service English teachers’ ICC is only moderate with an average score of 3.20. Among the eight dimensions of the ICC, attitude showed the highest score (3.87) while linguistic competence showed the lowest (2.72). In addition, the study revealed the female pre-service English teachers have higher ICC than the male ones, but there is no difference between the urban and rural pre-service English teachers. As a result of the pre-service English teachers’ low level of ICC, the study suggested that the university should lay more emphasis on the ICC development in the teaching, provide more opportunities to communicate interculturally for the pre-service English teachers, and take a flexible policy in the class division and teaching.

Relationship of Malocclusion with Periodontal Status among Adult Population in Chennai - A Case Control Study

Malocclusion is defined as an irregularity of the teeth or an incorrect placement of the dental arches that is outside the ideal range. Besides this irregularity of the teeth or jaws, malocclusion may cause periodontal problems, disturbances of oral function such as mastication, swallowing, and speech, and psychosocial problems related to impaired dentofacial aesthetics. Hence this study was conducted to find the relationship between orthodontic malocclusion with periodontal status among the adult population visiting private dental college in Chennai. A retrospective study was conducted using case records of patients attending private dental college from July 2019- March 2020. A total of 932 case sheets of patients who had recorded for Russell’s periodontal index were retrieved and used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze the data. Out of 932 participants class I malocclusion-96.24%, class 2 Div I - 1.82%, class division 2, class 2 subdivision, class 3 malocclusion, class 3 subdivision was 0.32%, 0.42%, 0.855 and 0.32% respectively.10.73% of the study population have terminal disease which is a surprising finding when compared with other studies. The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis. Negligible negative correlation was found between malocclusion and periodontal status and were statistically insignificant. No statistically significant association was found between orthodontic malocclusion and periodontal status and a negligible negative correlation was obtained, which shows that there was no relationship between malocclusion and periodontal status in this study population.

Financial Situation of Residents of Simbirsk in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The financial situation and incomes of Simbirsk residents of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that understanding urban everyday life is impossible without an idea of the income that the citizens had. It is noted that in the period under review, class division is gradually turn to the division of society in the capitalist way, differentiation by income is confirmed, which is reflected in the mentality and administrative management. The difference between the population of Simbirsk and other Volga cities is shown: the share of the nobility among the urban population was twice as high as in neighboring cities, and the share of the peasantry was half that in Samara and four times less than in Saratov. A review of statistical information on the income of various classes and categories of employment is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the development of entrepreneurship and merchants and income in this area. It is noted that in Simbirsk, the development of entrepreneurship was slower than the average Russian values. The results of a comparative analysis of the standard of living and material situation of citizens living in Simbirsk with the indicators of other cities are presented. It is stated that for the sustainable development of capitalist relations, the introduction of financial organizations and entrepreneurship from the outside was necessary in Simbirsk.