scholarly journals The North-South Divide, And Northernness in Road to Wigan Pier from George Orwell, A Novelist and Outsider’s View

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyi Wang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
George Orwell ◽  
Class Division ◽  
The North ◽  
Research Orientation ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Views ◽  
History Of

During the time that George Orwell lived, the Britain society was on the edge of development and fluctuation, the north-south divide was an issue discussed by journalists and politics, nationally and regionally. George Orwell, by traveling up and down in the whole English territory, wrote down what exactly he saw and experienced in 1930s. In Road to Wigan Pier, he depicted the unemployment and living conditions in North of England, as well as the class division and his potential political views. Road to Wigan Pier influences historical and literature scholars and triggers huge amount of debates on the politics, economy and history of England. Most importantly, it is both a mirror of England in 1930s and a future-teller of the modern society that we are living in. As Benjamin Jonson has claimed, “ He was not of an age, but for all time!”. Most scholars consider the novel is in two parts: the first is the people he met and his physical experience in Wigan, Barnsley and Sheffield (the north). The second is his critical view on socialism in England and the middle class. In Road to Wigan Pier, and contemplating his personal background, what we can conclude is that George Orwell is a novelist, and he is neither a “north” nor a “south”. We have no persuading reasons of his work is not as the same value as those first-hand such as scientific data and photography. However, it is worth analysing his work with the record of the broad social condition in England. As a novelist and an outsider, we can see from the whole novel Road to Wigan Pier that he has his own perspectives on “northernness” from the aspects of employment, working-class and class difference. All these comments of George Orwell, since subjective and personal, especially trigger the politics’ thinking and the improve the social research orientation.

scholarly journals History of origin and development of customer service

Upravlenie ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. N. Sakulyeva ◽  
S. Trombetta
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Class Division ◽  
Service Concept ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Any interaction between two or more actors always involves different factors: economic, social, cultural, political and o ther. Studying the history of the service concept is impossible in the break from the study of the concept of trade. These two concepts in an inseparable bundle to more accurately reflect the importance of service both in small trade transactions and for the work of transport industry leaders, – have been considered in the article.The trade and economic breakthrough in the development of international trade relations, which dates back to the XIII century. The most important period for studying the history of the service concept as a key aspect of trade. The XX century has become really important for customer service. Created prerequisites, development of production, qualitative change in the life of the population – all it allowed both Russia and Europe to step far forward in terms of the service concept. If up to this point, the world has been convinced, that supply creates demand, then with the development of supply, with the expansion of services, with the advent of new modes of transport, namely, with the emergence of alternatives in any sphere of society, there is a new task – to attract customer to its product.The result of changes in the service sector in the XX century was a reorientation from production to customer, despite the uneven development of the countries of Europe and Russia, in the XXI century the countries rose about one step of service development. The only thing, that has become the strongest difference are the mental values of the people of Europe and Russia. Customer orientation prevails over one’s own interests, as the moral satisfaction of the process of interaction with the client is on a par with the material. Lack of class division of customers, and understanding the importance of separating needs according to opportunities is the basis for the development of service on transport.

Water in the Wilderness: The Group of Seven and the Coastal Identity of Lake Superior

2021 ◽  
pp. e20200049
Author(s):  
Isabelle Gapp
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Coastal Lake ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
Coastal Landscapes ◽  
History Of

This paper challenges the wilderness ideology with which the Group of Seven’s coastal landscapes of the north shore of Lake Superior are often associated. Focusing my analysis around key works by Lawren Harris, A.Y. Jackson, J.E.H. MacDonald, and Franklin Carmichael, I offer an alternative perspective on commonly-adopted national and wilderness narratives, and instead consider these works in line with an emergent ecocritical consciousness. While a conversation about wilderness in relation to the Group of Seven often ignores the colonial history and Indigenous communities that previously inhabited coastal Lake Superior, this paper identifies these within a discussion of the environmental history of the region. That the environment of the north shore of Lake Superior was a primordial space waiting to be discovered and conquered only seeks to ratify the landscape as a colonial space. Instead, by engaging with the ecological complexities and environmental aesthetics of Lake Superior and its surrounding shoreline, I challenge this colonial and ideological construct of the wilderness, accounting for the prevailing fur trade, fishing, and lumber industries that dominated during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A discussion of environmental history and landscape painting further allows for a consideration of both the exploitation and preservation of nature over the course of the twentieth century, and looks beyond the theosophical and mystical in relation to the Group’s Lake Superior works. As such, the timeliness of an ecocritical perspective on the Group of Seven’s landscapes represents an opportunity to consider how we might recontextualize these paintings in a time of unprecedented anthropogenic climate change, while recognizing the people and history to whom this land traditionally belongs.

Imperatives for Theories in Social Science: The North-South Divide Notwithstanding

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-217
Author(s):  
Aaron Ola Ogundiwin, ◽  
Joel N. Nwachukwu
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The North ◽  
Common Mistake ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Social Science Data

Abstract The paper underscores the place of theories in organizing social science data and experience. It holds that theories are indispensable to social research (The North-South divide notwithstanding), in view of the fact that the framework of knowledge and experience within which theories are established make a meaningful explanation of the world phenomenon reasonably possible. It delineates political philosophy and history of ideas from theory and thus, takes care of common mistake social scientists make differentiating between them. Furthermore, the paper on one hand, takes on the scientific requisites of theory such as assumption, concepts (and their functions), hypothesis (and its characteristics typology), law, models, paradigm and provides lucid conceptual analysis of each with a view to showing their relatedness to theory but not as synonyms to it. On the other hand, we singled out dependency theory in its emanation from knowledge and experience of underdevelopment of Third World countries, as the first and perhaps most relevant theoretic explanation of Africa’s underdevelopment. The paper posits that a good theory that will serve as a rudder for formulation of research questions, problem statement, as well as sustain the data analysis, and findings must parade some, if not all of the following qualities: precision and testability, empirical validity, parsimony, stimulation, and practicability.

scholarly journals A Review of Arabicization as a Controversial Issue of Language Planning in the Sudan

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Asjad Ahmed Saeed Balla
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Language ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Christian Missions ◽  
Southern Sudan ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Future Project

This paper tries to review the issue of Arabicization through languages policy in the Sudan by tracing the different periods of the ups and downs of this process in its social and political context. Arabization and Arabicization are two terms used to serve two different purposes. Arabization is the official orientation of the (ruling group) towards creating a pro-Arab environment, by adopting Arabic culture, Arabic language in addition to Islam as main features of Arabizing the Sudanese entity. The mechanism towards imposing this Arabization is through the use of Arabic, as the official language the group (government). Arabicization is an influential word in the history of education in Sudan. The Sudan faced two periods of colonialism before Independence, The Turkish and the Condominium (British-Egyptian) Rule. Through all these phases in addition to the Mahdist period between them, many changes and shifts took place in education and accordingly in the Arabicization process. During the Condominium period, the Christian missions tried strongly to separate the South Region from the North Region, and to achieve this goal the government fought against the Arabic language so it would not create a place among the people of the Southern Sudan. But in spite of all the efforts taken by the colonialists, Arabic language found its place as Lingua Franca among most of the Southern Sudan tribes. After independence, the Arabicization process pervaded education. Recently, the salvation revolution also has used Arabicization on a wider range, but Arabicization is still future project. Both Arabization and Arabicization are still controversial issues. 

History of the Hudson's Bay Company salmon fisheries in the Ungava Bay region

Polar Record ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (113) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Power
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The North ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
Unbiased Manner ◽  
History Of

Today the north is no longer remote and insulated from the demands of modern society, and northern Quebec is no exception. Principal threats to the environment come from mining, pipeline construction and hydro-electric developments. In the negotiations that are going on today between the native peoples, who are trying to protect what is left of their culture, and the developers from the south, there is a large divergence of opinion about what is important. When the native peoples are asked to document their use of natural resources in the courts they find themselves at a great disadvantage due to the lack of written history about their activities. The value of renewable natural resources that have sustained indigenous populations for thousands of years is difficult to quantify and can easily be made to look insignificant in comparison to the often exaggerated benefits of development proposals. For this reason it is important to make available whatever factual information there is and to present it in an unbiased manner.

scholarly journals Reflection of the traditions and mentality of the people in the national literature of the XX century

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
R. Z. Khairullin ◽  
R. Kh. Sharyafetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Native People ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
The North ◽  
Folk Traditions ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article deals with the reflection of life, traditions and customs of the native people in the national literature of the XX century in the general and creative work of the bilingual Nivkh writer V. M. Sangi in particular. It is noted that, along with the publication by V. Sangi, “The Epic of the Sakhalin Nivkh Settlement of the Bay of Black Earth” which is the only currently systematized consolidated text that incorporates the thousand-year history of the indigenous people of the North, attention to the depiction of elements of national culture and the disclosure of folk traditions is characteristic of all the literature of the peoples of the Russian Federation. Based on the Russian-language work of the Nivkh writer, who is characterized by the most vivid and deep reflection of the traditions and mentality of the peoples of the North, a comparative analysis of the revealed motives in national literature in general is carried out. Thus, the national outlook is characterized by initial environmental friendliness, a careful attitude of heroes to nature, a feeling of close connection with nature, a conscious rejection of aggressive intervention in nature, from violation of its laws and rhythms, self-identification as part of the natural world, which is also manifested in the desire to preserve the fragile nature of the circumpolar zone and to prevent a global eco-catastrophe.

scholarly journals National and cultural activities of the Tatar diaspora in the North Western China in the first half of the XX century: theater and string orchestra

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
G.N. Khisamieva
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Western China ◽  
String Orchestra ◽  
The North ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the national and cultural life of the Tatar diaspora in the Northwest China has not been the subject of the research. The research interest is also caused by the fact that the history of the formation and development of the Tatar diaspora, every day, spiritual, educational and cultural life has not been studied at all and is of particular interest to researchers. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the article examines the process of formation of Tatar theaters and string orchestras in the cities of Kuldzha and Chuguchak for the first time, where the bulk of Tatar emigrants lived. Particular attention was paid to the role of Tatar theaters in the life of indigenous and visiting peoples of the XUAR of the PRC. The purpose of the work is to study and systematize the national and cultural life of the Tatars of Xinjiang. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that the creation of theaters and string orchestras has contributed to the rallying of the Tatars, as well as the preservation of the native language, literature, traditions, culture and identity of the people, which is also a very important factor in preserving identity among the local population of Xinjiang.

The Ohu System of Slavery in a Northern Ibo Village-group

Africa ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. G. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
District Officer ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Slave Traders ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Village

Opening ParagraphThe village-group of Nike occupies an area of some 200 square miles to the immediate north-east of Enugu, capital of the Eastern Provinces of Nigeria. It comprises 24 villages with a total population of 9,600, a figure which gives the average density of the group as 48 per square mile—one of the lowest in Ibo country.Traditions in neighbouring groups, as well as in Nike itself, affirm that before the advent of the British Administration the people of Nike were the principal slave-traders in northern Ibo-land. The first mention of the group in the history of colonial Nigeria appears in an account submitted by the Assistant District Officer, Obubra, of some exploratory journeys undertaken amongst the northern Ibo in the year 1905. Remarking, with the true empire-builder's sang-froid, that ‘the whole area seems relatively quiet and well-disposed…cannibalism and human sacrifice are more or less general’, the officer encloses an interesting sketch-map of the north-eastern section of Ibo-land which shows the Nike group to have been the main trading cross-roads of the whole of this area.

scholarly journals Indian Tribal Educational System for the Santal Children of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha: A Psychosocial Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 940-952
Author(s):  
Singo Hembram , Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Tribal Communities ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

The study on educational system of the Santals of Mayurbhanj is an interesting aspect of the tribal education of Odisha in Eastern India. Santals are the the largest number of people among the total tribal population of Odisha. Education of the tribal communities /societies has helped in preservation of social structure and goal achievement. The Santals are largely residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. The development of education of the Santals of Mayurbhanj district is the main part of the tribal educational system of the state of Odisha. Odisha has possessed a distinct place in tribal history of India and it is the home of a number of different types of tribes. Different developmental programmes / schemes for education have been implemented through the Governments and Non Government agencies for the educational improvement of the tribal children of Odisha in general and Santal children in particular. On the basis of field study made by the earlier scholars including the present authors, the people of Santal tribe/society are mostly residing in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. In fact, most of the tribes of Odisha in Eastern India have no written languages, but in case of Santala tribe, it has a written language with  a specific ‘Ol Chiki’ script for the use of its own people. The Santal children of Mayurbhanj district are more interested in modern education in comparison to other tribal children of Odisha. At present the educated people of Santal tribe of Mayurbhanj have been able to organize their socio-cultural associations for preservation of their traditional culture. The aim of this paper is to focus on educational system for the Santal children of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha along with to highlight their receptive minds for receiving modern education for their moral as well as physical developments for entry into the main stream of the present / modern society. Methodologically, both the primary and secondary sources have been carefully utilised in the present article

scholarly journals Making an Ethnic Group: Lemko-Rusyns and the Minority Question in the Second Polish Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-410
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pasieka
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Minority Politics ◽  
Critical Scholarship ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Views ◽  
History Of ◽  
Minority Policies

Drawing on ethnographic and archival materials, this paper examines the ethnic politics of the Second Polish Republic by taking into account the experiences of the Lemko-Rusyn population, a minority East Slavic group inhabiting the peripheral mountainous area in southern Poland. It illustrates the changing policies towards Lemko-Rusyns and discusses the different responses of the local population to these policies, demonstrating the inadequacy of categories imposed from above as well as manifold motivations behind people's political views, choices of national identification, and religious conversions. In so doing, the article has three main objectives. First, in line with recent critical scholarship on nationalism in the Second Polish Republic, it attempts to problematize the – frequently exaggerated – difference between ‘federational’ and ‘assimilationist’ conceptions, exposing the discriminatory nature of interwar minority politics, as experienced locally. Second, moving beyond the interwar period, the article presents the long-term consequences of the interwar policies and the events of the Second World War, including a series of ethnic cleansings that took place in the aftermath of the war as well as present-day discourses on and policies towards ethnic and national minorities. And third, in discussing state actors' agency in the domain of minority policies, it calls for a more thorough recognition of the agency of the people who are the target of those policies. The article considers all these issues by presenting a history of a Lemko-Rusyn locality and its inhabitants, as recorded in school records, state reports, and oral histories.

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