Digital well-being theory and research

Digital well-being concerns individuals’ subjective well-being in a social environment where digital media are omnipresent. A general framework is developed to integrate empirical research toward a cumulative science of the impacts of digital media use on well-being. It describes the nature of and connections between three pivotal constructs: digital practices, harms/benefits, and well-being. Individual’s digital practices arise within and shape socio-technical structural conditions, and lead to often concomitant harms and benefits. These pathways are theoretically plausible causal chains that lead from a specific manifestation of digital practice to an individual well-being-related outcome with some regularity. Future digital well-being studies should prioritize descriptive validity and formal theory development.

Standards for Evaluating Impact in Entrepreneurship Education Research: Using a Descriptive Validity Framework to Enhance Methodological Rigor and Transparency

Given calls for more rigorous research able to measure the impact of entrepreneurship education, this study proposes guidelines for enhancing methodological and reporting practices. First, drawing on prior research syntheses, we developed a descriptive validity framework that outlines key elements for rigorous evaluation research. Second, we use this framework to examine 61 quantitative, university-based entrepreneurship education impact studies to identify and describe methodological and reporting practices that are most prevalent. The result is a set of Impact Evaluation Research Standards for entrepreneurship educators and scholars wishing to improve education evaluation research.

不定自然変換理論に基づく比喩理解モデルの計算論的実装の試み

Machine learning techniques have realized some principal cognitive functionalities such as nonlinear generalization and causal model construction, as far as huge amount of data are available. A next frontier for cognitive modelling would be the ability of humans to transfer past knowledge to novel, ongoing experience, making analogies from the known to the unknown. Novel metaphor comprehension may be considered as an example of such transfer learning and analogical reasoning that can be empirically tested in a relatively straightforward way. Based on some concepts inherent in category theory, we implement a model of metaphor comprehension called the theory of indeterminate natural transformation (TINT), and test its descriptive validity of humans' metaphor comprehension. We simulate metaphor comprehension with two models: one being structure-ignoring, and the other being structure-respecting. The former is a sub-TINT model, while the latter is the minimal-TINT model. As the required input to the TINT models, we gathered the association data from human participants to construct the ``latent category'' for TINT, which is a complete weighted directed graph. To test the validity of metaphor comprehension by the TINT models, we conducted an experiment that examines how humans comprehend a metaphor. While the sub-TINT does not show any significant correlation, the minimal-TINT shows significant correlations with the human data. It suggests that we can capture metaphor comprehension processes in a quite bottom-up manner realized by TINT.

A Proto-Theory of Digital Well-Being

How can we live a good life both thanks to and despite the constant use of digital media? The presented proto-theory of digital well-being offers guidance for theory development and theory integration to enable a cumulative science of the impacts of digital media use on well-being. The proto-theory describes the nature of and connections between three relevant phenomena—digital practices, harms/benefits, and well-being—and creates a blueprint for explanatory theories. It focuses on the mechanisms between digital media use and well-being by analyzing the often concomitant harms and benefits arising from individual’s digital practices within structural conditions; these mechanisms are theoretically plausible causal chains that lead from a specific manifestation of digital practice to a relevant individual well-being outcome with some regularity. Future digital well-being studies should prioritize descriptive validity and longitudinal designs.

RELATIONSHIP OF COMPENSATION, AND AUTHORITARY LEADERSHIP STYLES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

This study aims to determine the relationship between compensation and authoritarian leadership style with employee performance at PT. Circle K Indonesia Utama Surabaya. The number of respondents in this study was 68 employees. The research method used is descriptive, validity test, reliability test, and spearman rank correlation calculation. The results showed that the compensation variables and authoritarian leadership style had a strong and significant relationship with employee performance. Strategies that can be applied by PT. Circle K Indonesia Utama Surabaya to improve employee performance, namely paying more attention to activities and providing employee compensation appropriately and accordingly. Also, improve the leadership style used by leaders.

Experimental Utility Measurement

Chapter 13 discusses some laboratory experiments to measure the utility of money for individuals on the basis of their preferences between gambles where small amounts of money were at stake. The experiments were based on expected utility theory (EUT) and were conducted in the 1950s at Harvard and Stanford by three groups: statistician Frederick Mosteller and psychologist Philip Nogee (1951), philosophers Patrick Suppes and Donald Davidson with the collaboration of psychologist Sidney Siegel (1957), and Suppes and his student Karol Valpreda Walsh (1959). These scholars were confident about both EUT and the possibility of measuring utility through it. They designed their experiments so as to neutralize some psychological factors that could jeopardize the validity of EUT and spoil the significance of the experimental measurements of utility, and they concluded that their experimental findings supported both the experimental measurability of utility based on EUT and the descriptive validity of the theory.

The Indifferent, the Good Samaritan, the Brave and the Agent in Allais Paradox situation – or How Endowment Effect Influences Our Decision in Case of Allais Paradox?

Background and purpose: Mainstream economic models do not take ownership into consideration. Only after the findings of behavioural economists was endowment effect widely observed. Endowment effect means that goods that one owns are valued higher than other goods not held in endowment. At the same time the principal-agent literature is concerned with how the principal (such as employer) can motivate his agent (say the employee), to act in the principal’s interests and also for their holdings. The main problem is that acting in somebody’s else’s interests can influence our values as well. Moreover, the principal as owner suffers from endowment effect. Both situations can be treated as a risky decision. Risk confuses our rationality in a predictable way. Design/Methodology/Approach: Due to this it was observed how foreign students from various cultural backgrounds decided (n=186 answers) in a risky financial situation by focusing on Allais’ classic gambles. I also presented their preferences over certain and uncertain outcomes regarding the owner of the final win; i.e. how they choose for themselves or on behalf of one of their best friends. One famous experiment - which tested the descriptive validity of the axioms’ expected utility theory - was Allais. Allais handled probabilities and outcomes in high hypothetical payoff financial gamble situations; he found that when offering two similar options, the common consequences will not be removed by the actors. I was interested in what happens when the actors take risks on behalf of others. It was used between-subjects technique on an extended multicultural sample. Regarding the two different topics, three hypotheses were tested (1); based on Allais paradox (2); observed ownerships (3); the comparison of two phenomena. Results: The results show that the subjects responded differently when they needed to decide about their own properties rather when their friends’ properties were concerned. When a sure safe outcome was offered to the subjects, they took more risk on behalf of their friends rather than own. Moreover, the subjects do not take into consideration that the same attributes must be ignored, so Allais paradox was verified. Conclusion: The goal of this paper is then twofold. First, it was established a conceptual link between Allais-type behaviour and ownership problem. Second, Allais axiom was used to characterize different roles. Knowing predictable patterns of seemingly irrational heuristics in human behaviour can improve economic theory. At the same time, this knowledge helps us to avoid irrational decisions.

QALY-Based Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

This chapter introduces the main ideas about the use of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in the evaluation of health policies. It starts by explaining the theoretical underpinnings of the QALY model understood as individual utilities. Afterward, it reviews the empirical evidence about the descriptive validity of the main assumptions supporting the model. Then, it explains the main preference elicitation techniques (visual analog scale, time trade-off, and standard gamble). It also shows the practical psychological problems faced by these techniques, such as the existence of context-dependent preferences. The chapter ends by explaining how QALYs are used in priority setting, in particular, the rules governing resources allocation decisions using QALYs, the ethical implications of these rules, and the relationship between cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis.

Testing Ambiguity Models through the Measurement of Probabilities for Gains and Losses

This paper reports on two experiments that test the descriptive validity of ambiguity models using a natural source of uncertainty (the evolution of stock indices) and both gains and losses. We observed violations of probabilistic sophistication, violations that imply a fourfold pattern of ambiguity attitudes: ambiguity aversion for likely gains and unlikely losses and ambiguity seeking for unlikely gains and likely losses. Our data are most consistent with prospect theory and, to a lesser extent, α-maxmin expected utility and Choquet expected utility. Models with uniform ambiguity attitudes are inconsistent with most of the observed behavioral patterns. (JEL D81, D83, G11, G12, G14)