Impact of COVID-19 on Indian Migrant Workers and the Informal Sector

The Indian and the international media presented the Indian migrant workforce's troubles during the COVID-19 crisis. The unprecedented circumstances opened a Pandora's box of years of neglect and sidelining of the welfare and wellness of the migrant workers of the informal sector. The literature was sourced from the workforce migration literature of India, newspapers, government and private agency reports, population census of 2011, and research papers published during the period. This exploratory research has the objective to explore the informal sector's background and the migrant workers of India before the pandemic to understand the immediate short-term implications and the long-term impact of the pandemic across all sections of the informal workers. Finally, the research concludes with a discussion on the policy imperatives deemed to have a beneficial effect on the migrant workers in future years, once the COVID-19 crisis is over.

The death of law? Computationally personalized norms and the rule of law

The emergent power of big data analytics makes it possible to replace impersonal general legal rules with personalized, particular norms. We consider arguments that such a move would be generally beneficial, replacing crude, general laws with more efficiently targeted ways of meeting public policy goals and satisfying personal preferences. Those proposals pose a radical, new challenge to the rule of law. Data-driven legal personalization offers some benefits that are worth pursuing, but we argue that the benefits can only legitimately be pursued where doing so is consistent with the agency that the law ought to accord to individuals and with the agency that the law ought to accord to public bodies. The principle of public agency is a prerequisite for the rule of law. The principle of private agency depends on the rule of law. Each is incompatible with the unrestrained computational personalization of law.

Le crustae marmoree dalla mansio tardoantica di Equilus-Jesolo (Venezia). Ipotesi interpretative per le ricerche future / The marble crustae from the late antique mansio of Equilus-Jesolo (Venice). Interpretative hypotheses for future research

This paper aims to describe and discuss the assemblage of marble finds (crustae), probably used to decorate some ‘first class’ accommodation or a bath-building of the Late Antique mansion in the countryside around the present-day town of Jesolo, formerly called Equilus. The validation of the presence of this kind of buildings is important to evaluate if the mansio was promoted and managed by public or private agency and to know which community frequented this site. The aerial photos analysis associated with a geophysical survey contributed to recognize many new traces related to the mansio. The combination of archaeological data derived from different methodologies and scales of analysis seems to be promising for developing future fieldwork and interdisciplinary research in this lagoon site.

Hubungan Motivasi Kerja dan Sistem Pengembangan Pegawai Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Koperasi Dharmayukti Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Palembang

<em><span lang="EN-US">Employees are the most important assets in an agency, so that quality improvement needs to be an important concern in an effort to achieve agency goals effectively and efficiently. In every management activity, efforts should be made to align the goals of employees so that in the end the objectives of the agency can be achieved as much as possible. Performance appraisal is the most reliable tool for managers to control human resources and productivity. Performance appraisal can be used effectively in directing employee behavior, in order to produce high quality and volume of human resources. Managers can use the operational performance process to set the direction of work in selecting, training, guiding career planning, and rewarding competent employees. The essence of employment is basically regulation, potential mobilization, motivation process, and human resource development in fulfilling satisfaction through his work. This is useful for achieving the goals of the individual, organization, or community in which he works. Decisions made regarding manpower are strongly influenced by the philosophy adopted by the leader regarding labor empowerment. For example, views on work motivation, and the concept of labor. From this point of view, an employment pattern will be formed that is adjusted to the image of the leader. Every government and private agency will always try to improve the effectiveness of employees' work. This can be done by developing employee work. Most leaders are very supportive of employee development. The lower the job level, the more labor supply there is. The positions leading to special skills are not filled because of the lack of employees who meet the requirements. A person is trained to carry out the basic arrangements essential for the job, the most common types of training being fieldwork, meetings or discussions.</span></em>

The Problem of Delegated Activity

This chapter analyses private actors that have the standing to do what they are democratically authorized to do on behalf of government in terms of delegated activity. It points out how the public and private agency through which a certain decision is made, or a function is performed changes the very nature of the decision or function at stake. It also shows that private actors may fail to do what they are authorized to do even when they follow the terms of their government's authorization. The chapter mentions private actors that remain not very different from the unilateral actions of private individuals in the Kantian state of nature. It discusses privatization that compromises the very possibility of the delegated function, rather than the validity of its authorization or whether the function is performed in a representative capacity.

The World Anti-Doping Agency: Guardian of Elite Sport’s Credibility

WADA is a hybrid public–private agency that leads the global fight against doping. This chapter explores why and how this agency developed into an institution that receives support from sports organizations and governments worldwide. Despite initial scepticism about its ability to overcome the ineffectiveness of anti-doping policies prior to its foundation in 1999, WADA quickly grew into a broadly trusted and well-respected organization. It successfully developed a globally harmonized anti-doping system that reinforced the credibility of international sports competitions and the legitimacy of elite sport policies. From its inception, it had a distinct identity as a neutral, impartial and objective standard setter and referee agent in a morally challenging organizational field. Nonetheless, being relatively young, WADA remains a vulnerable institution. It must continuously take an independent position with regard to partial interests of sporting and public authorities that are responsible for WADA’s funding and governance. This requires institutional leadership that the organization cannot always offer, as recent doping affairs show.

Fertility Determinants in Indonesia: Analysis of Indonesian Basic Health Survey Year 2017

ABSTRACT Background: The current fertility rate for Indonesia in 2020 is 2.28 births per woman. High fertility, particularly when it involves conception either too early or too late in the fertility cycle or when short birth intervals are involved, is known to pose higher risks for both mothers and infants. This study aimed to investigate fertility determinants in Indonesia. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out using Indonesian basic health survey year 2017. A sample of 34,199 women of reproductive age aged 15-49 years was selected for this study. The dependent variable was live birth children. The independent variables were education, knowledge toward contraception, employment status, literacy, family discussion, health insurance membership, child birth last year, contraceptive method, residence, province, and source of information. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The likelihood of women to have children >2 increased with low education (OR= 2.67; 95% CI= 2.53 to 2.81; p<0.001), low literacy (OR= 1.59; 95% CI= 1.44 to 1.75; p<0.001), and no family discussion (OR= 1.2; 95% CI= 1.13 to 1.24; p<0.001). The likelihood of women to have children >2 decreased with no health insurance membership (OR= 0.73; 95% CI= 0.69 to 0.76; p<0.001), use contraception (OR= 0.33; 95% CI= 0.31 to 0.34; p<0.001), child birth delivery last year (OR= 0.77; 95% CI= 0.71 to 0.83; p<0.001), lived in province in West Indonesia (OR= 0.69; 95% CI= 0.66 to 0.72; p<0.001), received information from private agency (OR= 0.83; 95% CI= 0.78 to 0.89; p<0.001), and worked (OR= 0.72; 95% CI= 0.69 to 0.75; p<0.001). Conclusion: The likelihood of women to have children >2 increases with low education, low literacy, and no family discussion. The likelihood of women to have children >2 decreases with no health insurance membership, use contraception, child birth delivery last year, lived in province in West Indonesia, received information from private agency, and worked. Keywords: fertility, women of reproductive age, demography Correspondence: Philipus Prihantiko Kurniagung. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 089688103450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.120