PP33 Lived experiences of paramedics across England during the COVID-19 outbreak; initial results. Poster Presentation

BackgroundParamedics are experiencing numerous policy and guideline changes in addition to facing enhanced risk of personal exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 outbreak offers an opportunity to capture the experiences of paramedics during substantial and rapid changes to workplace policy, guidelines, and professional roles in the healthcare system. To date, this ongoing study has captured a better understanding of the lived experiences of English paramedics.MethodData were collected through an online survey, consisting of QUAN +QUAL questions. The study, theoretically grounded in a phenomenological approach, employed inductive thematic analysis to code the data. QUAN answers were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square to test for association between demographic data and answers.ResultsA total of 34 survey responses from September – December 2020 have been received from across England, with the survey remaining open. Major themes to date have identified both professional and personal elements. There is a feeling of increased pressure related to public expectation, with noted increases in call volumes in some areas. There has been a change to the workforce and increased levels of sickness. The type and level of PPE as well as employer communication varies depending on the area respondents work in. Many participants also expressed increased stress, exhaustion and anxiety negatively impacting their mental health.ConclusionsEarly results confirm a need for paramedics to adapt professional approaches to overcome barriers presented by COVID-19. There appears to be a disparity in the amount of communication, PPE and support depending on the area worked in. Respondents are fatigued and worried about others, including families. Yet, there remains a clear professional attitude and commitment to providing care throughout the pandemic. The survey remains open with a comparison of data between Canada and England planned.

The Expectation for Risk-Sharing Cycle: Theoretical Model and Global Implementation

In this paper, we offer an explanation to pension systems cyclical reforms, based on Central East Europe (CEE) countries experience over the last three decades. We claim that in the transition to funded pension design, the government not only transfers longevity and fiscal risks to the individualbut also absorbs risks transferred from the public, where each market actor transfers undiversifiable risks to the other. This hidden risk path that has not been discussed yet in the literature, stemmed from the public expectation to risk premium or adequate old age benefits that evolves to political pressure. The outcomes of this risk path realized in financial transfers, such as social security, means-tested and minimum pension guarantee. Consequently, funded pension designs naturally converge to a new landscape paradigm of risk sharing, including intergenerational and intra-generational play. Financial crises such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic foster the convergence process.

Designing Performance Systems in Anticipation of Unintended Consequences: Experiences and Lessons From the Compstat-Based Performance Regime in NYPD

Scholars have long documented the unintended consequences of performance systems, but insufficient attention is paid to the drivers of such consequences and the ways of mitigating them. This article contributes to this line of inquiry by analyzing New York Police Department’s (NYPD) experience with its signature performance system and its affiliated policies. With multiple data sources, it finds three main drivers of the unintended consequences, including the excessive performance pressure, the bureaucracy-public expectation mismatch, and the ambiguity concerning government performance. The article makes six suggestions regarding the design of performance management systems so that their potential unintended consequences can be better identified and mitigated.

The Spatial Formation of The Berastagi Sub District, Kabupaten Karo

Berastagi sub-district is located in the Karo district of North Sumatra province. The majority of people in the Berastagi sub-district are the Karo tribe. The space arrangement settlement is very inspired by grade local culture, makes this area have traditional characteristics. Besides grade culture is very impressive, Berastagi is also be known as a tourism place. In the expected research, settlement can be well-identified it can be was found the spatial formation so that the development of the area will be carried out to be adapted with public expectation. So as the expansion expected can improve the standard of available living in term convenience, harmony and safety to serve life routinely.

Historic Professions: Stabilizing the Reified Image of the Law and Other Historic Professions

Social institutions are commonly said to evolve. Yet there may be good reason why some institutions and some concepts are reified advantageously limiting any free-wheeling evolution over time. This is certainly true concepts like currency which stabilizes social ontology as much as concepts like rock stabilize natural kinds ontology. Important institutions such as the four historic professions moor civilization by being continually reified over generations aligning with sustainable public expectation. When a profession such as law is weaned from reified expectations of the public the effect is likely to be de-stabilizing of both the profession’s membership and the public the membership is meant to serve. The reified image of the bar, those entitled to the honor “esquire” following their name, assures society that a social ontology designates this group of professionals as leaders in forwarding society’s civilizing expectations. De-stabilizing this reification is not only self-destructive to the historic professions but to the societies they were intended to lead as well.

On Setting Expectations for a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine

The global coronavirus pandemic is unlike any other since 1918. A century of dramatic medical advances has produced a public expectation that the medical field will rapidly provide solutions to restore normalcy. In less than 6 months, since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified, the massive international effort to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has generated more than 140 vaccines in different stages of development, with 9 already recruiting into clinical trials posted on ClinicalTrials.gov. The long-term strategy to handle coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will almost certainly rely on vaccines. But what type of protection can we realistically expect to achieve from vaccines and when?

Police Response to Active Shooter Events: How Officers See Their Role

“Active shooter” incidents and the police response to them receive considerable attention. There is a public expectation that officers should immediately enter active shooter events and engage the suspects. To explore how POLICE view their role in active shooter events, a vignette research design was used to gather opinion data from a convenience sample of police officers in two states. Respondents who evaluated vignettes describing a police officer’s response to an active shooter scenario clearly preferred options other than immediately entering the building. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Digital accountability for LEAs: balancing technical possibility, legal permissibility and societal acceptability

The expansive proliferation of social media, electronic devices and data processing capabilities has presented Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA) with a dilemma. On the one hand there is a need for/opportunity to expand capability, adapting practices and policies to capitalise on what is now technically possible (not only in the application of data technology but also in the context of what can be achieved within the technical conventions of the law), utilising citizens’ data and actively encouraging their collation and sharing as part of everyday community policing. On the other, the development in data technology has been accompanied by a rapid expansion in public expectation and a need for greater legal regulation, all combining to bring an important extension of police accountability. The focus of the research is thus how can LEAs balance that which is technically possible against what is legally permissible and societally acceptable? Moving from the known to the needed, the published work draws upon and addresses the size and shape of the dilemma, identifying gaps and supplying “evidence-informed management knowledge” (Tranfield et al 2003) at both an individual and organisational level. Providing a themed and coherent new praxis for LEAs the work identifies how LEAs must balance the availability of data with the rapidly increasing public expectations of privacy, security, confidentiality and accountability, collecting and connecting the qualitative knowledge and practice that resides in distributed places and people, in order to establish a previously unrecognised body of work that focuses on both opportunities and obligations, in order to promote an understanding of the ‘law in context’ and ultimately increase police effectiveness. The direction of the work follows a series of influences and confluences, tributaries and deltas of change flowing towards the same unequivocal destination: an original contribution to “knowledge about the traditional elements of the law and also about the quickly changing societal, political, economic and technological … aspects of relevance.” (Langbroek 2017).

Estimating the Monetary Policy Measures of Japan in Shadow/ZLB Term Structure Model

In this paper, we follow the estimation methodology proposed by Krippner (2015) and use Japanese government bond yield curve data to estimate a shadow/ZLB term structure model. This model provides three estimated monetary policy measures, SSR, ETZ and EMS, which can be used to gauge the stance of monetary in a consistent way in both ZLB and non-ZLB environment. Japan has experienced a long period of the ZLB since 1999. The policy rate has already lost its function as an appropriate quantitative measure of monetary policy. The SSR estimated from the shadow/ZLB term structure model can evolve to negative level in the ZLB environment and provide consistent view of the stance of monetary policy as the positive short policy interest rate dose in the normal non-ZLB environment. The ETZ answers the question that how long the short interest rate will be expected to be restricted by the ZLB, which can be useful for the central bank as a reference for exit strategy of unconventional monetary easing or forward guidance on public expectation formation. The EMS measures the stance of monetary policy, relatively tight or relatively loose, in a consistent and comparable way under both ZLB and non-ZLB environment. The analysis shows that all three measures exhibit very good traceability of monetary policy in Japan, which can also be used as the proxy variables for the stance of monetary policy in other econometric procedures for policy evaluation.