Prediction of B20 Storage Tank Precipitate Removal Based on Biodiesel Monoglyceride Content

Precipitate in B20 fuel stored in storage tanks can accumulate at the bottom level of the tank and affect the fuel filter, clogging in the fuel distribution and engine system. This study examines the precipitate formation prediction in B20 fuel based on the monoglyceride content in biodiesel. This research used a modified CSFT method of ASTM D7501 for the precipitation test. Monopalmitin was added to biodiesel with a variation of monoglyceride content. Each biodiesel sample was then blended with petroleum diesel fuel to produce two groups of samples. Each sample was separately soaked in the cooling chamber at constant and room temperature for 21 days. The bottom layer of each B20 fuel sample stored in the measuring cylinder was then pipetted and filtered, washed with petro-ether, vacuum-dried, and weighed for a constant amount of precipitate retained on the filter. The simulation results show that the ratios between the amount of collected precipitate at the bottom layer of the 2-liter measuring cylinder and the total amount of collected precipitate for the 2-liter measuring cylinder increased with the monoglyceride content biodiesel. This ratio was used to predict the amount of accumulated sludge for a given volume of B20 fuel loaded into the storage tank. This study shows the effect of monoglyceride content on the precipitation behaviour in the storage tank concerning general tank storage dimension parameters and B20 loading frequency. This approach can be applied to estimate the sludge removal frequency for biodiesel storage.

VISCOMETRY OF NANODISPERSE MAGNETIC LIQUIDS AND LUBRICATING OILS. 2. METROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF A DEVICE FOR RHEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MAGNETIC NANODISPERSE LIQUID MEDIA

Проведен анализ основных источников методических погрешностей магнитного ротационного вискозиметра, позволивший усовершенствовать конструкцию и исключить критические режимы исследований. Теоретическая оценка систематической погрешности прибора показала, что значение относительной ошибки измерений можно довести до значения менее 1%. Наибольший вклад в систематическую погрешность прибора вносит нестабильность температурного режима исследуемой наножидкости и неточность определения высоты слоя жидкости, контактирующего с измерительным цилиндром. Измерение вязкости эталонных жидкостей на магнитном вискозиметре показало, что экспериментальные значения незначительно, примерно на 0,9% завышены. Тарировка прибора на различных эталонных жидкостях позволила снизить суммарную ошибку измерений до десятых долей процента. Магнитный ротационный вискозиметр может найти применение при нестандартных научных исследованиях структуры и реологических характеристик наножидкостей, для оперативного контроля процессов синтеза магнитных жидкостей и аттестации магнитных наножидкостей, предназначенных для технического применения. An analysis is carried out of the main sources of methodological errors of the magnetic rotary viscometer. The analysis allowed to improve design and to eliminate critical modes of the research. Theoretical evaluations of the systematic error of the device showed that the value of the relative measurement error can be brought to a value of less than 1%. The greatest contribution to the systematic error of the device is made by the instability of the temperature regime of the nanofluid under study and by the inaccuracy of determining the height of the liquid layer in contact with the measuring cylinder. The measurement of the viscosity of the reference liquids on the magnetic viscometer showed that experimental values are slightly, by about 0.9% overestimated. Calibration of the device on various reference liquids allowed reducing the total measurement error down to tenths of a percent. The magnetic rotary viscometer can be used in non-standard scientific studies of the structure and rheological characteristics of nanofluids, for operational control of the processes of synthesis of magnetic liquids and certification of magnetic nanofluids intended for technical use.

Yeast race effect on the quality of base and young sparkling wines

Introduction. A disadvantage of the ancestral method (la méthode ancestrale), which is widely used in the production of sparkling wine, is that it is difficult to control fermentation. We aimed to identify the optimal yeast race for obtaining high-quality young sparkling wines with varietal aroma without yeast tones. Study objects and methods. Our study objects were base and young sparkling wines from Cabernet-Sauvignon prepared on various yeast races. Organic acids, sugars, and ethanol contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Phenolic and coloring substances were measured by colorimetric method. Foaming properties were determined by air barbotage of a wine sample in a measuring cylinder; sparkling properties, by measuring the CO2 desorption rate; CO2 content, by volumetric method; viscosity, with a viscometer. Sensory evaluation was carried out according to standard methods. Results and discussion. The wines produced on the Odesskiy Chernyi-SD13 yeast race received the highest tasting scores of 7.82 and 9.05 points for base wine and young sparkling wines, respectively. They contained larger amounts of phenolic substances (1103 mg/dm3) and coloring agents (275 mg/dm3) and had higher color intensity (1.614). The panelists rated them highly on their complex varietal aroma and harmonious, velvety flavor, as well as their foaming and sparkling properties. This yeast race ensured intensive fermentation of sugars and a great amount of bound CO2 (up to 24.93%). Conclusion. The Odesskiy Chernyi-SD13 yeast race is optimal for making base and young sparkling wines by the bottle method. This technology can be used to produce high-quality sparkling wines in the crop year by large and small enterprises.

Experimental Investigation into Limit Void Ratio Characteristics of Calcareous Sands considering Various Factors

Relative density is an important index affecting the mechanical behaviors of calcareous sands. The dense sands present softening strength, whereas the loose sands exhibit hardening strength. Furthermore, the relative density is determined based on the maximum and minimum void ratios obtained by using the maximum and minimum dry density test. In this study, a series of tests were carried out on various mixed graded sands to explore their material properties and the relationship between the limit void ratio, considering the effects of test methods, equipment, and fine content. It is shown that a more accurate maximum void ratio can be attained by using the 1000 mL measuring cylinder with low rotation speed. In addition, in order to avoid particle breakage of calcareous sands, it is suggested that the minimum void ratio should be obtained with the 1000 mL compaction cylinder combining vibration with hit. The results also show that a linear relationship exists among the limit void ratio of various mixed graded sands. Besides, the void ratio is significantly affected by the fine content. 40% is the critical fine content corresponding to the lowest value of the limit void ratio.

Age Wise Internal Morphometrical Studies on the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Background: Heart is the central organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different internal parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported. Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into two age groups viz. mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various internal parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier’s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by independent t test with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software. Result: The average thickness of left ventricular wall of heart was measured as 2.85±0.15mm and 4.28±0.07mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average diameter of left atrio-ventricular opening of heart was measured as 2.06±0.27mm and 6.08±0.36mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. The average length of septal papillary muscle in right ventricle was measured as 1.12±0.10mm and 3.29±0.21mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Further, the average length of moderator band in heart was measured as 1.45±0.11mm and 4.34±0.23mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages. Similarly, the average length of chordae tendinae in right ventricle of heart was measured as 0.97±0.09mm and 3.50±0.34mm in mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively with significant (p£0.01) differences between the ages.

Morphometrical Studies on the Exterior of the Heart of Pre-natal Non-descript Sheep

Background: Heart is the principal organ of circulatory system that pumps blood into the blood vessels and performs many vital functions. Its development before birth must be studied to safeguard the animal from the occurrence and consequences of various developmental anomalies. The detailed morphometry of different external parameters of heart especially in pre-natal sheep has not yet been reported.Methods: The foeti of sheep were divided into three age groups viz. early prenatal (up to 50 days), mid prenatal (51-100 days) and late prenatal (101 to 150 days) with fifteen animals in each age group. The various external parameters were recorded by using digital weighing machine, graduated measuring cylinder, digital Vernier’s calliper, non-stretchable nylon thread and graduated scale. The data recorded was statistically analysed by one way ANOVA with IBM SPSS 25.0 version software. Result: It was revealed that the average width of heart at its base was 4.82±0.22mm, 10.52±0.72mm and 21.57±1.03mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average dorso-ventral length of left ventricle of heart was measured as 4.82±0.14mm, 12.07±1.16mm and 25.58±0.88mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. The average distance between the left longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at base was measured as 2.93±0.11mm, 6.38±0.39mm and 9.78±0.41mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. Similarly, the average distance between the right longitudinal groove and cranial border of heart at middle was measured as 1.96±0.09mm, 5.01±0.34mm and 8.31±0.50mm in early prenatal, mid prenatal and late prenatal stages respectively. All these parameters recorded showed significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences among the ages.

Video 4: Making your own measuring cylinder (for teachers and learners)

Intended audience: Science teachers, mathematics teachers<br><br><br>This video has three potential purposes. The first is for a teacher to help resource a primary school classroom. No complex mathematics knowledge is required as a calibrated template is provided below . for those that simply want to make a measuring cylinder. Secondly, the video can be used with younger learners who in primary school are expected to make useful containers from recyclable materials. Thirdly, it can be used in a high school Mathematics classroom, where learners are expected to problem solve using the formula for measuring volume of cylinder.<br><br>

Video 3: What is the best shape for bees to store honey in a honey comb?

Intended audience: Year three primary school teachers and learners <br><br>This video is designed to help primary learners to wonder at the use of hexagons for making bee honey comb as an example of how we can see mathematics and unexpected order in nature. This is a fun way of introducing young learners to the honeycomb conjecture – a mathematical problem that has been challenging mathematicians for years. By building and filling different 3D prisms, learners learn about 3D shapes, the 2D shapes that make these up and are able to compare volumes and tessellation possibility between these shapes. Templates for the 3D shapes are included below this video .<br><br>The video is linked to the school curriculum in the following ways:<br><br>• Mathematics: Volume/capacity. In pre-school teachers are directed to encourage play with sand and water and different size containers exploring the concepts of more than and less than and ordering containers according to increasing capacity (the beginnings of understanding volume). By Grade 3 they are expected to use informal measurement such as number of cups, or number of spoons needed to fill a container. In this video learners can use informal measurement, count the number of lines on the measuring cylinder or actually read numbers on the cylinder if they have reached that level of counting. <br>• Mathematics: Tessellation. At Grade 3 learners are simply expected to know how different shapes fit together to make patterns. This will prepare them for understanding tesselation at higher Grades. <br>• Mathematics: Shapes. By Grade 3 learners need to know <br>* circles, triangles, squares, rectangles – we extend somewhat here by introducing hexagons<br>* how 3D shapes are made up of 2D shapes<br>* the difference between a cylinder and a rectangular prism – we extend this by elaborating 3 types of rectangular prism … triangular, square and hexagonal. Higher grades could also include an octagonal prism<br>• Life Skills: Science: Learning about insects<br><br><br><br>Resourcing this activity. <br>• Templates for supporting this activity – what is important is that each shape is made from the same length strip of carboard as the strip of cardboard represents a strip of wax. For a fair test we must use the same amount of wax to make each shape. <br>• How to adapt? You can use sand instead of the coloured salt crystals that we have used and any cardboard can be used and painted if you like. If you cannot get hold of a measuring cylinder, any narrow transparent container can be used (there is another video in this series which teaches you how to make a cylinder).<br><br>

Video 3: What is the best shape for bees to store honey in a honey comb?

Intended audience: Year three primary school teachers and learners <br><br>This video is designed to help primary learners to wonder at the use of hexagons for making bee honey comb as an example of how we can see mathematics and unexpected order in nature. This is a fun way of introducing young learners to the honeycomb conjecture – a mathematical problem that has been challenging mathematicians for years. By building and filling different 3D prisms, learners learn about 3D shapes, the 2D shapes that make these up and are able to compare volumes and tessellation possibility between these shapes. Templates for the 3D shapes are included below this video .<br><br>The video is linked to the school curriculum in the following ways:<br><br>• Mathematics: Volume/capacity. In pre-school teachers are directed to encourage play with sand and water and different size containers exploring the concepts of more than and less than and ordering containers according to increasing capacity (the beginnings of understanding volume). By Grade 3 they are expected to use informal measurement such as number of cups, or number of spoons needed to fill a container. In this video learners can use informal measurement, count the number of lines on the measuring cylinder or actually read numbers on the cylinder if they have reached that level of counting. <br>• Mathematics: Tessellation. At Grade 3 learners are simply expected to know how different shapes fit together to make patterns. This will prepare them for understanding tesselation at higher Grades. <br>• Mathematics: Shapes. By Grade 3 learners need to know <br>* circles, triangles, squares, rectangles – we extend somewhat here by introducing hexagons<br>* how 3D shapes are made up of 2D shapes<br>* the difference between a cylinder and a rectangular prism – we extend this by elaborating 3 types of rectangular prism … triangular, square and hexagonal. Higher grades could also include an octagonal prism<br>• Life Skills: Science: Learning about insects<br><br><br><br>Resourcing this activity. <br>• Templates for supporting this activity – what is important is that each shape is made from the same length strip of carboard as the strip of cardboard represents a strip of wax. For a fair test we must use the same amount of wax to make each shape. <br>• How to adapt? You can use sand instead of the coloured salt crystals that we have used and any cardboard can be used and painted if you like. If you cannot get hold of a measuring cylinder, any narrow transparent container can be used (there is another video in this series which teaches you how to make a cylinder).<br><br>