Genetic variation in westslope cutthroat trout reveals that widespread genetic rescue is warranted

Although human fragmentation of freshwater habitats is ubiquitous, the genetic consequences of isolation and a roadmap to address them are poorly documented for most fishes. This is unfortunate, because translocation for genetic rescue could help mitigate problems. We used genetic data (32 SNPs) from 203 populations of westslope cutthroat trout to (1) document the effect of fragmentation on genetic variation and population structure, (2) identify candidate populations for genetic rescue, and (3) quantify the potential benefits of strategic translocation efforts. Human-isolated populations had substantially lower genetic variation and elevated genetic differentiation, indicating that many populations are strongly influenced by random genetic drift. Based on simple criteria, 23 populations were candidates for genetic rescue, which represented a majority (51%) of suitable populations in one major region (Missouri drainage). Population genetic theory suggests that translocation of a small number of individuals (~5 adults) from nearby populations could dramatically increase heterozygosity by up to 58% (average across populations). This effort provides a clear template for future conservation of westslope cutthroat trout, while simultaneously highlighting the potential need for similar efforts in many freshwater species.

Liverpool and the Raw Cotton Trade: A Study of the Port and its Merchant Community, 1770-1815

<p>This thesis examines the port of Liverpool, its merchant community, and the growth of the raw cotton trade from its initial rise c. 1770 to the end of the Napoleonic period in 1815. By constructing a large database from Liverpool import lists published in Lancashire newspapers, combined with surviving cotton planter, merchant, and manufacturer papers, this thesis analyses: first, the rise of Liverpool as a major British cotton port and the geographical shifts in the port‘s cotton supply from the West Indies to Guyana, Brazil, and the United States; then second, the organisation of Liverpool‘s cotton trade in the Atlantic basin and at home. The port‘s cotton trade and the form of cotton procurement developed out of the pre-existing trading conditions prior to the cotton boom between Liverpool and each cotton cultivation region, and underwent major re-organisation in the early nineteenth century. Liverpool‘s cotton trade attracted new merchants who specialised in the import-export trade with one major region. Therefore, as cotton cultivation expanded from the West Indies to northern South America and the southern United States, the Liverpool market underwent a de-concentration from an oligopoly in the hands of few large cotton merchants to a more competitive market with many cotton importers. Ultimately, greater specialisation of Liverpool‘s cotton merchant and brokerage community resulted in increased efficiency in the importing, marketing, and selling of cotton on the British market, while a de-concentration of the Liverpool market provided the right market conditions to ward off artificially high prices, fostering the development of a cheap supply of raw cotton needed to sustain industrialisation of the British cotton industry in the nineteenth century.</p>

Liverpool and the Raw Cotton Trade: A Study of the Port and its Merchant Community, 1770-1815

<p>This thesis examines the port of Liverpool, its merchant community, and the growth of the raw cotton trade from its initial rise c. 1770 to the end of the Napoleonic period in 1815. By constructing a large database from Liverpool import lists published in Lancashire newspapers, combined with surviving cotton planter, merchant, and manufacturer papers, this thesis analyses: first, the rise of Liverpool as a major British cotton port and the geographical shifts in the port‘s cotton supply from the West Indies to Guyana, Brazil, and the United States; then second, the organisation of Liverpool‘s cotton trade in the Atlantic basin and at home. The port‘s cotton trade and the form of cotton procurement developed out of the pre-existing trading conditions prior to the cotton boom between Liverpool and each cotton cultivation region, and underwent major re-organisation in the early nineteenth century. Liverpool‘s cotton trade attracted new merchants who specialised in the import-export trade with one major region. Therefore, as cotton cultivation expanded from the West Indies to northern South America and the southern United States, the Liverpool market underwent a de-concentration from an oligopoly in the hands of few large cotton merchants to a more competitive market with many cotton importers. Ultimately, greater specialisation of Liverpool‘s cotton merchant and brokerage community resulted in increased efficiency in the importing, marketing, and selling of cotton on the British market, while a de-concentration of the Liverpool market provided the right market conditions to ward off artificially high prices, fostering the development of a cheap supply of raw cotton needed to sustain industrialisation of the British cotton industry in the nineteenth century.</p>

Fatal road traffic collisions-An autopsy based study

The Deaths due to Road Traffic Collision has become a Major Public Health issue, hence Understanding the Deaths and the Factors involved is important to prevent Fatalities and at the same time Prevent Road Traffic Collision in General. The present Study is a Retrospective Study conducted during the period 2013 to November 2020. Road Traffic Accidents constituted 39.35%[n-1168] of the Cases. Males formed the Majority of the Victims contributing to 83.04% of the cases. Majority of the Victims were I the age group 31-40 years, consisting of 422 victims. The least Age Group affected were those below the age 10years and those individuals above the age 70years. Light Motor Vehicle were the Major Contributor to the Accidents, contributing to 46.40%[n-542] of the cases. Head and Neck was the Major region affected in 795 cases. The Maximum Fatality reported were due to Head or Craniocerebral Injuries in 87% of the cases. Abrasions were Present in all the Victims. Majority of the Deaths were due to Traumatic Shock reported in on the Spot Deaths or Brought Dead Victims in 35.45% [n-414] cases. The commonest Cause of Death reported after 07days of Treatment, were Septicemia, Lung infections, Peritonitis, Coma. Craniocerebral Injuries were the Main Contributors to Fatality in 87% of Accidents. Majority of Deaths were due to Traumatic Shocks due to Multiple injuries involved. Importance of Emergency Care is well understood in this study.

Farmers Suicide Causes and Remedies to avoid of Hingoli District in Maharashtra State : A Geo-Political View

The present research carried out with an exploratory design of social research on farmer’s suicide of Hingoli District in Maharashtra State . These districts were The Hingoli consists of the Five Talukas (Hingoli, Kalamnuri, Basmat, Aundha, Sengaon). The average rainfall in the district is 895 mm. About 83% of the rainfall occurs during June to September and July is the rainiest month. The maximum temperature of the district is 42.6 degree Celsius and minimum temperatures are 10.6 Degree Celsius. Over 192 farmers have committed suicide in Hingoli District between 2008 and 2017. In Hingoli District the farmer 56.25per cent, The majority of the farmers had medium extension contact 38.75per cent, Medium level of cropping intensity 83.75per cent, Medium level of economic motivation 57.50%, deferred gratification were found 70.00 per cent in middle category, management orientation of the farmer is middle level 67.50per cent, farmers found in middle level of the indebtedness 80.00per cent, Majority of the farmer engaged in farming and farm labours 72.50per cent. Indebtedness is negative significant. The relationship was significant at 0.05 level. Major causes of farming distress is failure of crops due to drought/ lack irrigation, failure of crop due to insect disease. Indebtedness related causes increase in indebtedness is major region of distress. Major Social causes of farmer dowry and marriageable age of daughter and sister. Farmer suggests that there should be minimum support price for all crops.

Use of ePortfolios for making hiring decisions: a comparison of the results from representatives of large and small businesses

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to determine if representatives of small and large businesses in New Jersey believe portfolios would be valuable for evaluating applicants as part of the hiring process and whether portfolios would help applicants in the hiring process.Design/methodology/approachRepresentatives from 109 small and 71 large businesses in New Jersey were surveyed about using portfolios in the hiring process.FindingsRepresentatives from both small and large businesses believe that the submission of a portfolio of exemplary work may help the applicant and the employer in the hiring process.Research limitations/implicationsThe study limitations are that the respondents had different definitions of ePortfolio, it was a convenience survey, and the researchers used two sets of data. For future research, conducting a study in a major region of the world would be a significant contribution to learning about the views of business representatives globally regarding the use of ePortfolios in the hiring decision process.Practical implicationsThe authors recommend that educational institutions encourage students to create portfolios as part of their career preparation to gain an edge as applicants in the job market. EPortfolios are an emerging tool to help employers in the hiring decision process.Social implicationsEPortfolios would provide evidence of the employee's fit to the position, thus eliminating a mismatch of the employee's skill set and qualifications to the job. The ePortfolio aids the employer in seeing the candidate's skills for the position.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the limited research about the emergence of ePortfolios having a role in human resource decision making.

An overview of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Implications in geo-strategy and geo-politics

China is a very interesting country, and the entire world is looking at it. This is not only because of its spectacular rise in the world stage and the fact that it has become one of the largest markets in the world. China has become a superpower economically as well as militarily. Simultaneously it has a penchant for doing things differently – from the established norms and practices, as followed primarily by the West. It is likely that China will be in a position to challenge USA shortly as the number one power in the world. It is also likely that China will soon be influencing world events in a major way. These are the primary reasons for undergoing this study. The specific objective is to understand in detail one of the grandest and most ambitious schemes floated by any country in modern times - that of the Belt and Road Initiative by China. The author is sure that this project will have a very substantial impact on the strategies and politics of the entire world. The originality of this study is that it takes a macro-view of the entire initiative and dissects the implications for each major region of the entire world - in terms of strategy as well as politics. It wishes to connect Asia and Europe and also bring Africa into the project and thus form a unified market known as Afro-Eurasia. China, also known as PRC (People’s Republic of China), has developed tremendously in the past few decades and has now spare capacities as well as resources. So, it has initiated the project BRI wherein they are giving loans to underdeveloped countries to build infrastructure of these nations. There are two primary routes which PRC aims to develop. One of them is the land route called the BELT, which connects Europe to China over land. The other is the maritime route through the oceans which again connects the Eastern parts of China right up to Europe – and including Africa in between. The countries along these routes are being helped by China to develop their infrastructure like railways or seaports so that they may also emerge as modern logistics and distribution hubs for transporting goods between China and Europe. PRC thus ensures that it receives its continuous supply of energy requirements and other commodities for consumption. It will also be able to increase its exports right up to Western Europe through these routes which will save them a lot of time and costs also. Some nations are however skeptical about the real intentions of China. These countries think that China is emerging as a major superpower of the world and one day, it might want to dominate this part of the world entirely. Whether China has military intentions or not will be clear sometime later. As of today, China claims that its intentions are completely peaceful.

Blood and Bones

By 1874, Canada and the United States had surveyed land and placed boundary stones over 6,000 kilometers of territory. They had established a cohesive skeleton for the border in every major region except the Arctic. Drawing on government correspondence, annual reports, and paylists, chapter 7 rebuilds the bureaucratic footprint of the Canada–US border at the end of the nineteenth century. It maps the positions and operations of the North-West Mounted Police and American soldiers as well as customs, immigration, and Indian Affairs personnel. In doing so, it shows how the border diverged across the East Coast, Great Lakes, Prairies, West Coast, and Artic, as well as differentiating the US approach to its border with Canada and Mexico.

The Ursa Major Association of Galaxies. VI: A relative dearth of gas-rich dwarf galaxies

We determined the HI mass function of galaxies in the Ursa Major association of galaxies using a blind VLA-D array survey, consisting of 54 pointings in a cross pattern, covering the centre as well as the outskirts of the Ursa Major volume. The calculated HI mass function has best-fitting Schechter parameters θ* = 0.19 ± 0.11 Mpc−3, log ${M^*_{\rm HI}}\ /M_{\odot } = 9.8 \pm 0.8$, and α = −0.92 ± 0.16. The high-mass end is determined by a complementary, targeted WSRT survey, the low-mass end is determined by the blind VLA survey. The slope is significantly shallower than the slopes of the HIPASS (α = −1.37 ± 0.03 ± 0.05) and ALFALFA (α = −1.33 ± 0.02) HI mass functions, which are measured over much larger volumes and cover a wider range of cosmic environments: There is a relative lack of low HI mass galaxies in the Ursa Major region. This difference in the slope strongly hints at an environmental dependence of the HI mass function slope.

Modern Approaches to the History of Altai in the 18th – Early 20th Centuries

This article is the result of the historiographical analysis concerning the history of the Altai development, Altai being a significant region of modern Siberia and Russia. The authors present the main directions of studying the Altai history of the 18th – early 20th centuries, as well as scientific and methodological approaches used by historians in the last two decades. The examination includes such directions of studying Altai history, practiced in the last two decades, as frontier development, history of management, socio-economic development, agrarian colonization, history of entrepreneurship, social and gender studies, etc. The general state of historical science associated with the growth of public interest in history, review of theoretical and methodological foundations of historical research determined the development of historical Siberian studies concerning Altai in this period. Consequently, the historical study of Altai in the modern (post-Soviet) research shows the importance of modern history-oriented regional studies. Moreover, the development of the historical studies regarding such a large and major region as Altai in the last 20 years evinces the existence of a multidimensional regionaloriented scientific school in Russian historiography