scholarly journals Vitamins Composition in Clarias gariepinus Fish Body Parts (Liver, Muscle, Head): Reporting on Samples on Fresh, Smoked-Dried and Dry Extract Bases

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye ◽  
Olatoye Rauf Abioye
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Total Vitamin ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Body Load ◽  
Concentration Levels

An investigation into the vitamins composition levels in Clariasgariepinus fish was carried out and reported in dry extract/fresh; dry extract / smoked-dried on individual vitamins and the sum of the whole vitamins. Parts investigated were liver, muscle and head. Whereas fresh and smoked-dried data were laboratory results, the dry extract portions were calculated and reported as dry extract /fresh sample, dry extract / smoked-dried sample for liver, muscle and head. Results obtained ran thus and all values were in mg/100g vitamin where d = difference, CV% = coefficient of variation and % difference = % value that shows what made dry extract value greater than its reported comparison: dry extract/fresh, % d = 74.5 (all), CV% = 84.0 (all), in liver; dry extract/smoked, % d =24.5 (all), CV% = 19.7 (all), in liver; dry extract/fresh, % d = 74.3 (all), CV% = 83.6 (all), in muscle; ndry extract/smoked, % d = 10.2 (all), CV% =7.60 (all), in muscle;m dry extract/fresh, % d = 68.5 (all), CV% = 73.7 (all), in head; dry extract/smoked, % d = 9.10 (all), CV% = 6.74 (all), in head; dry extract/fresh, % d = 71.9- 74.5, CV% = 79.4 - 82.4 in total vitamin body load; dry extract/smoked, % d = 9. 69- 24.5, CV% = 7.20 - 19.7 in total vitamin body load; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 69.6 - 82.0 in liver; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 72.3 - 76.3 in muscle; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 62.9 - 75.2 in head; dry extract (fresh) – dry extract (smoked), %d = 69.7- 79.0 in total vitamins body load.Among the dry extract values calculated from fresh samples and subjected to chi-square (χ2) values, significant values were observed in vitamins B6, C, A, B1, D, E and total at α=0.05. In the dry extract values from smoked samples, only three significant χ2 values in vitamins A, E and total were observed. In reflection to vitamin concentration levels, percentage higher levels in dry extracts (from fresh) had these trends: liver (74.5%) > muscle (74.3%) > head (68.5%) whereas from smoked, we had liver (24.5%) > muscle (10.2%) > head (9.10%). Also total vitamin body load from dry extract (fresh) was 71.9-74.5% difference and dry extract (smoked) was 9.69 -24.5% difference. It should be noted that liver occupied the higher part of the range in the two comparisons, like 74.5% (fresh) and 24.5% (smoked).

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK AMPLANG IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus) HASIL VARIASI RASIO DAGING IKAN LELE DAN TAPIOKA

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Priyanto Priyanto ◽  
Yuli Wibowo ◽  
Jay Jayus
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Organoleptic Test ◽  
Fish Flesh ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Protein Properties ◽  
Tapioca Flour ◽  
The Right

The demand for amplang crackers is now increasing. However, the price of its raw material, mackerel fish, is generally higher compare to other fishes, causing the higher cost of this type crackers production. Effort to explore other fish as an alternative raw material is required to overcome the problems. Catfish is one of the choices to be used as raw material since this fish is more available in a market in a lower price, but the protein properties of this fish is different to mackarel, which will be possible to affect the nature of the crackers obtained. To produce catfish amplang crackers to be similar to common amplang product, it is necessary to find out the right composition of catfish and tapioca flour used. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to characterize physico-chemically and organoleptically, the catfish amplang crackers made under different ratio of fish flesh and starch. The experiment was designed using completely randomized design. Physico-chemical data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA, while the organoleptic test data were examined using chi-square method. The effectiveness test was carried out to find the proper ratio of raw materials composition used. The results showed that the higher the ratio of the fish flesh and the starch composition, the lower the texture value of the crackers as an indication of the decrease of its crispness. Although the lightness of the crackers was lowered by the addition of more starch to the dough, its linear expansion and hygroscopicity were not affected. The results of organoleptic test showed that the panelist was prefer to a higher crispness of crackers. The most preferable cracker was the one with 1:2.25 ratio of catfish flesh and starch, showing the characteristic of 1.80% moisture, 2.08% ash, 5.75% protein, 23.55% fat, and 66,93% carbohydrate. Keywords: cracker, catfish, tapioca starch

scholarly journals Heavy Metal Pollution in the Receiving Environment of the University of Dar Es Salaam Waste Stabilization Ponds

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrehem J. Nziku ◽  
Lucy Namkinga
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Waste Stabilization Ponds ◽  
Waste Stabilization ◽  
Safe Limits ◽  
The University ◽  
Concentration Levels

The aim of this study was to examine the availability, concentration levels and bioaccumulation of heavy metals namely; Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn) and Molybdenum (Mo) in the waste Stabilization Ponds of the University of Dar es Salaam. A total of 135 samples were analyzed, out of which 27 were samples of water, 27 of sediments and 81 samples of fish tissues. Two types of fishes were used namely; Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Heavy metal concentration varied significantly between water, sediment, fish species and tissues. Hg, Cd, Zn and Mo concentrations in water and sediment were within WHO safe limits. However, Pb in water and Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in sediments were found to be above WHO standards (p<0.05). Concentration levels for Cd, Pb and Zn were above acceptable levels in Oreochromis niloticus while Hg was found to be within safe limits in both fish species (p<0.05). Molybdenum was found to be below the detection limits in Oreochromis niloticus. While Cd was not detected, Pb, Zn and Mo were found highly accumulated in Clarias gariepinus (p<0.05). Oreochromis niloticus accumulated metals in the increasing order from dorsal muscles < gills < liver while Clarias gariepinus accumulated metals in the decreasing order from dorsal muscle < gills < liver.Public awareness on the dangers to which fish consumers from the site are exposed is highly suggested and purposeful mitigation measures of stopping all fishing activities in these sites is needed, also animal feeding around the ponds should be forbidden.

scholarly journals Optimum Plot Size and Number of Replications with Short-day Onions for Yield, Seedstem Formation, Number of Doubles, and Incidence of Foliar Diseases

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Boyhan ◽  
David B. Langston ◽  
Albert C. Purvis ◽  
C. Randell Hill
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Basic Unit ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Plot Size ◽  
Maximum Curvature ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Southern Belle

Five different statistical methods were used to estimate optimum plot size and three different methods were used to estimate optimum number of replications with short-day onions (Allium cepa L.) for yield, seedstem formation (bolting), purple blotch and/or Stemphylium (PB/S), botrytis leaf blight (BLB), and bulb doubling with a basic plot size unit of 1.5 × 1.8 m (length × width). Methods included Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance, computed lsd values, maximum curvature of coefficient of variation plotted against plot size, Hatheway's method for a true mean difference, and Cochran and Cox's method for detecting a percent mean difference. Bartlett's chi-square was better at determining optimum plot size with transformed count and percent data compared with yield data in these experiments. Optimum plot size for yield of five basic units (7.5 m length) and four replications is indicated using computed lsd values where the lsd is <5% of the average for that plot size, which was the case in both years of this study. Based on all the methods used for yield, a plot size of four to five basic units and three to five replications is appropriate. For seedstems using computed lsd values, an optimum plot size of four basic units (6 m length) and two replications is indicated. For PB/S two basic units (3 m length) plot size with four replications is indicated by computed lsd values. For BLB a plot size of four basic units (6 m length) and three replications is optimum based on computed lsd values. Optimum plot size and number of replications for estimating bulb doubling was four basic units (6 m length) and two replications with `Southern Belle', a cultivar with a high incidence of doubling using computed lsd values. With `Sweet Vidalia', a cultivar with low incidence of bulb doubling, a plot size of four basic units (6 m length) and five replications is recommended by computed lsd values. Visualizing maximum curvature between coefficient of variation and plot size suggests plot sizes of seven to eight basic units (10.5 to 12 m length) for yield, 10 basic units (15 m length) for seedstems, five basic units (7.5 m length) for PB/S and BLB, five basic units (7.5 m length) for `Southern Belle' doubling, and 10 basic units (15 m length) for `Sweet Vidalia' doubling. A number of plot size-replication combinations were optimum for the parameters tested with Hatheway's and Cochran and Cox's methods. Cochran and Cox's method generally indicated a smaller plot size and number of replications compared to Hatheway's method regardless of the parameter under consideration. Overall, both Hatheway's method and computed lsd values appear to give reasonable results regardless of data (i.e., yield, seedstems, diseases etc.) Finally, it should be noted that the size of the initial basic unit will have a strong influence on the appropriate plot size.

Sex and Age-related Parasitism of Clarias gariepinus in earthen ponds in African Regional Aquaculture Centre, Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.P Ayawei ◽  
H.O Imafidor ◽  
G.D.B Awi-Waadu ◽  
A Abah
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Earthen Ponds ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Rivers State

This study aimed at investigating the sex and age-related parasitic burden of Clarias gariepinus cultured in earthen ponds. Eighty–five (85) fish samples were selected randomly for analyses from three earthen ponds. Sexing was done by the observation of the urinogenital papillae. For parasitological analysis, skin and gill scrapes were taken for external parasites while the stomach and intestines were slit open, rinsed and observed for helminthic worms. Parasites identified included; Chilodonella sp. (0.3%), Ichthyophthirius sp. (41.1%), Trichodina sp. (55%), Icthyobodo sp., (1.0%) and Gyrodactylus sp. (2.4%). From the study 31 out of 56 males and 20 out of 27 females were infected with parasites. Prevalence of infection in males and females were 55.36% and 74.07% respectively. Mean intensity of parasites was also higher for females (150.75) than for males (62.68) Chi square analysis however, revealed no significant effect (p<0.05) of parasitism on gender. It was further observed that juvenile males and early adult females respectively, had more parasites with 55.3 and 92.4 parasite mean intensities. Among age groups, the mid juveniles (25-99g) (19%), late juveniles (100-299g) (65%) and early adults (300-500g) (14%) were most infected, although there was no significant effect (p<0.05). Sex-related prevalence could be based on hormonal changes and reproduction in females, and competitive search for mates by males. Age-related infection was predicated upon active feeding habits reported among fish of these ages It is therefore recommended that routine health checks be carried out for pond cultured fish. Furthermore, that older fish be sorted and kept together, as they would have stronger immunity than younger fish. Keywords; Zoonoses, fish infection, late juveniles, earthen pond, Clarias gariepinus, sex, age

scholarly journals Lethal copper concentration levels for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) @ a preliminary study

Koedoe ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinda Van der Merwe ◽  
J.H.J. Van Vuren ◽  
H.H. Du Preez
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Copper Concentration ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Olifants River ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Concentration Levels

Lethal copper concentrations were determined for both adult and juvenile Clarias gariepinus at representative mean summer and winter temperatures. Fish were exposed to copper for 96 hours in an experimental system and mortalities monitored. Toxicity curves of percentage mortality versus actual copper concentration were drawn, and the LC50 calculated for winter and summer temperatures. The lethal copper concentrations, expressed as LC50, found in laboratory exposures, ranged for adults from 1,29 mg/1 during summer to 1,38 mg/1 in winter. These values are considerably higher than the levels of copper in the water of the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park during summer (0,055 @ 0,016 mg/1) and winter (0,085 @ 0,032 mg/1). The derived LC50 values predict the level of copper which should be prevented at all cost. The fish in the Olifants River are already exposed to sublethal concentrations (40 of LC50) of copper. The results can be used as an indication of what the safe concentrations of copper should be.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN TINDAKAN IBU DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN DI PAUD TIBAN INDAH IV, KELURAHAN TIBAN INDAH, KECAMATAN SEKUPANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
Yessy Oktasilfiya ◽  
Ibrahim Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Knowledge Levels ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Good Attitude

The fine motor nerves development of the children is a characteristic related to the ability of children to perform movements which involves specific body parts with the motion of muscles and at the same time require rapid coordination to the brain. It is tremendously crucial matter for the mothers to be able to recognize the growth of their infants’ motor system. In this study, the researchers aim to examine the correlation of the 4 to 6 years old children mothers’ knowledge levels and their attitude in relation to the development of their children motor system particularly in Tiban Indah IV Pre-school of Sekupang in 2017. This study applied a descriptive analytic method of cross-sectional approach design. As the data instrument, the researchers spread the questionnaires which were completed by 40 respondents through total sampling technique. This study took a place as one month observation which was dated on June 2017. The result of the study reveals that 55% of mothers have good knowledge level on the development of their children motor system, conversely, 60% of mother’s have good attitude toward the development of their children motor system. This findings are strengthen by the result of the Chi-Square statistical test that indicates a significant correlation of the mother knowledge levels shown by (p = 0.001) as well as mother’s attitude noted by (p = 0.001).To conclude, there is a significant correlation between knowledge levels of 4 to 6 years old children mother’s and their attitude toward the development of the children motor systemin Tiban Indah IV Pre-school, Sekupang in 2017. Finally, it is expected that the mothers are able to improve their knowledge and awareness on the growth of their children, specifically on the development of their motoric system to perform movements of their body.

scholarly journals Firefighter Overexertion: A Continuing Problem Found in an Analysis of Non-Fatal Injury Among Career Firefighters

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 7906
Author(s):  
Aurora B. Le ◽  
Lily A. McNulty ◽  
Mari-Amanda Dyal ◽  
David M. DeJoy ◽  
Todd D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Fire Departments ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Injury Data ◽  
Injury Occurrence ◽  
Labor Statistics ◽  
Bureau Of Labor Statistics

Traditionally, safety-related research on firefighting has focused on fires and fireground smoke as the primary source of non-fatal firefighter injury. However, recent research has found that overexertion and musculoskeletal disorders may be the primary source of firefighter injury. This study aimed to provide an update on injury occurrence among career firefighters. Injury data were collected over a two-year period from two large metropolitan fire departments in the U.S. Injury data were categorized based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System. Cross-tabulations and Chi-square tests were used to determine the primary causes of injury, as well as the injury region. Between the two fire departments, there were 914 firefighters included in the analysis. The median age was 40.7 years old with those aged 40–49 as the largest age group for injury cases (38.3%). The most frequently reported cause of injury was ‘overexertion and bodily reaction’ (n = 494; 54.1%). The most reported injury region was in ‘multiple body parts’ (n = 331; 36.3%). To prevent subsequent musculoskeletal disorders that may arise due to overexertion, initiatives that promote enhanced fitness and ergonomics based on an analysis of the physical demands of firefighting are suggested.

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