The influence of palm oil additives on the pour point and wax deposition tendencies of Chenor crude oil

One of the major concerns during the production of crude oil especially in tropical waters is the deposition of wax on to the walls of the pipeline. This is due to the low seabed temperatures which can be below the wax appearance temperature (WAT) which leads to wax depositing out through molecular diffusion. Currently, there are many methods to prevent and remedy wax deposition but most of these solutions pose a serious environmental threat and are expensive to produce. Hence, this research investigated the use of an organic and cheaper alternative by utilizing synthetic fatty acid esters such as oleic acid which has shown promising results in reducing the pour point of waxy crude oils. The solution that was used was of palm oil origin, crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) and was subsequently compared with the pour point depressant and wax inhibition efficiency of the current industry used inhibitors utilizing the SETA Pour Point and Cloud Point as well as the cold finger apparatus. It was observed that the palm oil inhibitors were highly effective at 1 wt.% due to the high composition of oleic acid present portraying a similar result to Triethanolamine (TEA) while Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) performed best at low concentration of 0.1 wt.% but deteriorates significantly as the concentration increases due to the polar end agglomerating among itself.

Synthetic fatty acid from crude oil of Tamsagbulag petroleum deposit (Mongolia)

In this work, we studied to obtain synthetic fatty acids raw materials to produce surfactants and various detergents from paraffin. The solid paraffin extracted from the Tamsagbulag petroleum deposit was 46 mass%, distilled 350-450°C, by complexing with urea. Experimental study indicates paraffin's physicochemical characteristics from this petroleum are more suitable to use in the production of synthetic fatty acids. By solid paraffin oxidation, we obtained 33.01% of the synthetic fatty acids containing monocarboxylic acids.We suggest obtaining the synthetic fatty acid by oxidation process in normal condition from petroleum paraffin.

Short Chain Fatty Acids Effect on Chloride Channel ClC-2 as a Possible Mechanism for Lubiprostone Intestinal Action

Lubiprostone, a 20-carbon synthetic fatty acid used for the treatment of constipation, is thought to act through an action on Cl− channel ClC-2. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced and absorbed in the distal intestine. We explore whether SCFAs affect ClC-2, re-examine a possible direct effect of lubiprostone on ClC-2, and use mice deficient in ClC-2 to stringently address the hypothesis that the epithelial effect of lubiprostone targets this anion channel. Patch-clamp whole cell recordings of ClC-2 expressed in mammalian cells are used to assay SCFA and lubiprostone effects. Using chamber measurements of ion current in mice deficient in ClC-2 or CFTR channels served to analyze the target of lubiprostone in the distal intestinal epithelium. Intracellular SCFAs had a dual action on ClC-2, partially inhibiting conduction but, importantly, facilitating the voltage activation of ClC-2. Intra- or extracellular lubiprostone had no effect on ClC-2 currents. Lubiprostone elicited a secretory current across colonic epithelia that was increased in mice deficient in ClC-2, consistent with the channel’s proposed proabsorptive function, but absent from those deficient in CFTR. Whilst SCFAs might exert a physiological effect on ClC-2 as part of their known proabsorptive effect, ClC-2 plays no part in the lubiprostone intestinal effect that appears mediated by CFTR activation.

The impact of the of cationic polyelectrolyte polymerization degree in latexes coagulation dosage of synthetic emulsion rubbers

The literature data on the parameters of coagulation of butadiene-styrene and butadiene-?-methyl styrene latexes by cationic polyelectrolytes in comparison with low-molecular ammonium compounds and nonionic polymers are discussed. The optimal dosage of cationic polyelectrolyte during coagulation of synthetic emulsion rubber latex stabilized by a combination of synthetic fatty acid Soaps and disproportionated rosin with a mixture of sodium salts of the oligomeric condensation product ?-naphthalenesulfonic acid with formaldehyde (Leukanol) is determined, ceteris paribus, by its degree of polymerization. The decrease in the optimum dosage during the transition from high molecular weight polyelectrolytes to the oligomers caused by decrease of the cationic and anionic groups ratio required for a complete binding Leukanol in the formation of oligomer-oligomer complexes compared with the polymer-oligomer complexes. This is due, apparently, the fact that an increase in the average molecular weight of the polyelectrolyte increases the proportion of so-called tails and loops, consisting of units of the polyelectrolyte that are not associated with molecules Leukanol

In vivo esterification of a synthetic 125I-labeled fatty acid into cardiac glycerolipids

Recent studies have demonstrated that fatty acids can be successfully utilized as myocardial imaging agents. 125I-paraphenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA), a synthetic fatty acid, accumulates within the myocardium and can be visualized by conventional gamma scintigraphy. To determine if IPPA was incorporated into cardiac lipids in a pattern similar to palmitate, IPPA was purified by liquid chromatography, bound to fat-free albumin, and administered by intravenous injection to male Sprague-Dawley rats. After 2.5, 5, 10, and 30 min, the hearts were excised and the lipids were extracted in chloroform-methanol. The uptake of IPPA into the myocardium reached a maximal value after 2.5 min, and 95% of the 125I was found in the cardiac lipid fraction after chromatographic separation. Over 65% of the IPPA was found in cardiac triglycerides, whereas approximately 10% was present in membrane phospholipids (predominantly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine). This pattern of IPPA incorporation is similar to that reported for intravenously administered [3H]palmitate. The rate of turnover of IPPA present in the triglyceride fraction was threefold faster than the rate of the IPPA which was incorporated into membrane lipids. At all time periods examined, the methanol-water soluble end products of IPPA oxidation did not account for more than 5% of the total IPPA present within the myocardium. The present study indicates that IPPA is incorporated primarily into triglycerides and other cardiac lipids in a pattern similar to palmitate.