Morphology control of laser-induced dandelion-like crystals of sodium acetate through the addition of acidic polymers

Crystal growth speeds, crystal sizes and the morphology of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) crystals in the presence of polymaleic acid and polyacrylic acid with different concentrations were investigated in supersaturated solutions of sodium acetate. The technique of non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) was used to produce initial crystallites of anhydrous CH3COONa. The anhydrous CH3COONa crystal growth in solution after laser irradiation resembled the formation of dandelion seed heads. Even though NPLIN could offer temporal–spatial control of crystal nucleation without the addition of acidic polymers, the crystal growth rates were heterogeneous for crystallites along the laser pathway, which led to irregular crystalline sizes and morphologies. Here, a controllable approach from crystal nucleation to crystal growth has been designed through the addition of acidic polymers in the laser-induced growth of anhydrous CH3COONa crystals. In the presence of an acidic polymer, both the crystal growth and the morphological modification were controlled from tuft-shaped crystals to dandelion-like crystals. As bulk solid thicknesses and crystal growth speeds can be modified by different mass fractions of acidic polymer, a mathematical model was established to analyse the dynamics of crystal growth under the effect of acidic polymers. The model reproduces remarkably well the experimental trend and predicts experimental results. The changes in supersaturation and the number of nuclei through the addition of acidic polymers were analysed to investigate the underlying mechanism of morphological difference.

The Meaning of Communication in Fashion Style of Muslim Student in Institut Agama Islam (IAI) Al-Aziziyah Samalanga Bireuen Aceh

Changes in Muslim fashion trends will not be dammed and will continue to experience changes. Different from the previous year, where the trend of Muslim clothing in Indonesia tends to show an experimental trend. This year, the experimental trend has shifted to a long head covering known as the hijab syar’i. The term shari'i used, refers to Muslim women's clothing where the clothes, according to the Islamic Shari'ah guidance. Therefore, many call this ongoing fashion trend with shar'i hijab. Moving on from that thought, the problem to be investigated in this research is the meaning of Muslimah fashion communication style for Al-Aziziyah Samalanga Bireuen Aceh's Islamic Religion Institute (IAI) students. To uncover the problem thoroughly and deeply, this study uses a qualitative descriptive method that is useful for providing data and facts about the meaning of communication in the style of Al-Aziziyah Samalanga Islamic Institute (IAI) student dress style. Then the data were analyzed with the basis of the thought of George Herbert Mead and the principle of George Ritzer, in order to obtain a deep meaning about the student's fashion style. Meaning is produced from religious background, motives, and social environment. After that, meaning is modified through an interpretive process, and then individuals develop self-concepts through interactions with others. Self-concept provides an important motive for behavior and expression in choosing a style of dress. From the results of the study it was found that the meaning of communication style of Muslim female students of the Islamic Religious Institute (IAI) Al-Aziziyah Samalanga was produced from a background of religiosity, motives, and social environment. Then, individuals do the process of self-communication and produce a meaning that is interpreted through clothing. Some of the meanings of communication of Muslim female student fashion styles The Islamic Religious Institute (IAI) Al-Aziziyah Samalanga are produced based on the female Muslim students' fashion styles, namely: The meaning of Muslimah women's fashion styles as self-identities, the meaning of Muslimah women's fashion styles as a lifestyle, and the meaning of Muslim women's clothing styles as a form of obedience. Fashion communication is produced through the use of various symbols and fashion styles, so that the attitudes and behaviors of the user are reflected and generate direct appreciation through the interaction of people around. Several ways of meaning female students of communication style of Islamic clothing Islamic Institute of Islam (IAI) Al-Aziziyah Samalanga communicates Muslim clothing styles: Dressing in one color from top to bottom, fashion that is in accordance with Islamic law and ignores the trend of the times, follows the trend of Muslim fashion at the time that, dress in colors, mix and match the color of clothing.

Sensitivity Enhancement of Pre-capillary Chelation Method for the Separation of Metal ions: Experimental and DFT study

Background: Heavy metal toxicity has proven to be a major threat and there are several health risks associated with it. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the other form harmful for the human body and its proper functioning. They sometimes act as a pseudo element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes. Sensitivity enhancement and selective pre-capillary chelation and separation method was developed for the simultaneous determination of metal ions by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with UV light as a detector. Method: This method was based on chelation of metal ions such as nickel(II), cobalt(II), lead(II) and zinc(II) with 2.0 mM Ammonium Morpholine-4-Carbodithioate (AMC) at pH 7.2 prior to analysis in 2.0 mM of phosphate buffer. Results: Different optimal conditions such as effect of pH, concentration of AMC, applied voltage, nature of the buffer solution and excipient ions were investigated to enhance the sensitivity of the method. Conclusion: The developed method separate nickel(II), cobalt(II), lead(II) & zinc(II) in less than 5 min with good reproducibility and recoveries ranging from 93.50 to 100.00 % in agricultural materials. Furthermore, the interaction and Density Functional Theory (DFT) based studies reveal that the metal ions form relatively stable complexes with AMC and follows the experimental trend performed with CZE.

Density Functional Study on Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene Adsorptions on ZnO(100) Surface

We study the interaction between benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) molecules with ZnO(100) surface by means of density functional theory-based calculations. We find that these interactions result in the physical adsorptions of BTEX gases with adsorption distances larger than 2 Å. These adsorptions are governed by the van der Waals interaction instead of the covalent interaction. We also find that the trend of the strength of BTX adsorptions on ZnO(100) surface is in line with the experimental trend of sensitivity of ZnO material towards BTX gases (benzene < tolune < xylene). We explain this relation by using one of the sensing mechanism within the ionosorption model. By using this relation, we also predict that the response of ZnO towards ethylbenzene will be similar to the response towards toluene since these two molecules have similar adsorption energies on ZnO(100) surface.

Photoactuated Properties of Acetylene-Congeners Non-Metallic Dyes and Molecular Design for Solar Cells

This paper theoretically simulated (using DFT and TD-DFT in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent) the photodynamic properties of three non-metallic dye molecules with D-π-A1-π-A2 structure. The total photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) could be evaluated by the following parameters: the geometric structures, the electronic structures, and the absorption spectra, the analyses of charge difference density (CDD) and natural bond orbitals (NBO), the analyses of ionization potential (IP) and electron affinity (EA) from electronic contribution capacity, the reorganization energies (λh, λe, and λtotal), and the chemical reaction parameter (h, ω, ω-, and ω+) for intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) processing, the excited lifetime (τ) and the vertical dipole moment (μnormol). The ∆Ginject, the ∆Gdyeregen, the light harvesting efficiencies (LHE) and the excited lifetime (τ) were used to explain experimental JSC. The experimental trend of VOC was explained by the calculation of ∆ECB and μnormol. Moreover, the 15 dyes were designed by adding the electron-donor groups (–OH, –NH2, and –OCH3) and the electron-acceptor groups (–CF3, –F, and −CN) to the LS-387 molecular skeleton, which improved electronic contribution, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and optoelectronic performance.

Pressure Measurements in a Wire-Wrapped 61-Pin Hexagonal Fuel Bundle

To achieve longer-life liquid-metal fast reactor cores, designers are considering to increase the wall gap of the wire-wrapped hexagonal fuel bundles to account for volumetric void swelling and radiation creep. A new wire-wrapped hexagonal test bundle has been constructed, with a wall gap larger than prior experiments, and experimental pressure drop data have been generated under laminar, transition, and turbulent flow regimes (corresponding to Re of 250–19,000), to complement the existing database of small wall gap experimental bundles. The comparison of the experimental data set with the predictions of four existing correlations (Baxi and Dalle Donne, Cheng and Todreas detailed (CTD), Kirillov, and Rehme) showed general agreement between data and the selected correlations. However, the CTD correlation most accurately predicted the experimental trend and the transition between flow regimes. The analysis of the experimental data also revealed that the larger wall gap size caused a lower bundle pressure drop due to the increased bypass flow area.

Theoretical and Experimental Behaviour of Single Slope Solar Still Heat Transfer

This paper is aimed to investigate the heat transfer behaviours of a single slope solar still under the tropical climate at Kota Kinabalu city, Malaysia. Both theoretical and experimental approaches has been performed and discussed. The theoretical heat transfer principal behaviour of the single slope solar still is successfully modelled based on the heat exchange processes of three major components of the solar still (glass cover, seawater and basin) and its surroundings. The theoretical model developed has shown to predict closely the experimental trend of the heat transfer processes of the solar still system. Outdoor experiment is also carried out under the Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, climate that showed a maximum output of 1.4 litres per day of clean distilled water and has achieved a high and consistent system temperature of 80.0°C. In comparison with the theoretical and the experimental results, the theoretical model is found to closely predict the solar still behaviours at the early hours in the morning where the solar irradiance is intense and consistent.

Constitutive Models in Simulating Low-Cycle Fatigue and Ratcheting Responses of Elbow

As stated in the sister article that the objective of this study was to explore the low-cycle fatigue and ratcheting failure responses of elbow components through experimental and analytical studies. Low-cycle fatigue and ratcheting damage accumulation in piping components may occur under load reversals induced by earthquakes or thermomechanical operations. Ratcheting damage accumulation can cause failure of components through cracking or plastic buckling. Hence, design by analysis of piping components against ratcheting failure will require simulation of this response with reasonable accuracy. In developing a constitutive model that can simulate ratcheting responses of piping components, a systematic set of elbow experiments involving deformation and strain ratcheting were conducted and reported in the sister article. This article will critically evaluate seven different constitutive models against their elbow response simulation capabilities. The widely used bilinear, multilinear, and Chaboche models in ansys are first evaluated. This is followed by evaluation of the modified Chaboche, Ohno–Wang, modified Ohno–Wang, and Abdel Karim–Ohno models. Results from this simulation study are presented to demonstrate that all the seven models can simulate the elbow force response reasonably. The bilinear and multilinear models can simulate the initial elbow diameter change or strain accumulation, but always simulate shakedown during the subsequent cycles when for some of the cases the experimental trends are ratcheting. Advanced constitutive models like Chaboche, modified Chaboche, Ohno–Wang, modified Ohno–Wang, and Abdel Karim–Ohno can simulate many of the elbow ratcheting responses well, but for some of the strain responses, these models simulate negative ratcheting, which is opposite to the experimental trend. Finally, implications of negative ratcheting simulation are discussed and suggestions are made for improving constitutive models ratcheting response simulation.