Economic and statistical analysis of labor resources of agricultural organizations according to departmental reporting

The article provides an economic and statistical analysis of labor resources by types of agricultural organizations (AO), allocated taking into account both the provisions of the Federal Law 209-FZ, dated 24 July 2007, “On the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation”, and specialization of agricultural organizations i.e., by production type (based on the author’s approach). The subject of the research is the system of statistical indicators of the availability, composition and, use of labor resources. The object is the aggregate of agricultural organizations of the Lipetsk region. The information base of research is the departmental reporting forms “On the financial and economic condition of agricultural producers in 2019”. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the substantiation of the system of indicators and the development of methods of analysis of labor resources by types of agricultural organizations, as well as in assessing the influence of the capital-labor ratio on the level of labor productivity based on the construction of the power functions.

Efficiency Assessment of Transport Manufacturing Firms using a Stochastic Frontier Analysis Approach

This paper aims to analyze the level of technical efficiency and determinants of technical inefficiency of transport manufacturing firms in Malaysia using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach from 2005 to 2010. Through SFA approach, hypothesis test is conducted in order to select Cobb-Douglas or Translog production function and testing the effects of technical inefficiencies. While the determining factors that been taken into account include the capital-labor ratio, training expenses, education level ratio, wage rate, information and communication technology expenditure, and firm size. Hypothesis test results show that the Cobb-Douglas production function is rejected. While the test for the effect of technical inefficiency shows its existence. Training expenses, secondary and tertiary education level ratios, wage rates and information and communication technology expenses are significant determinants for transportation manufacturing firms. However, the capital-labor ratio was found that it has reduced the level of technical efficiency. The implications of these results show that firms need to focus on investing in human capital, information technology and increase motivation among employees such as rising wage rates and reducing the use of capital appropriate to the technology.

Economic and statistical analyses of labor productivity growth at russian industrial enterprises: Key factors

Increasing labor productivity (LP) is an actual task of the Russian economy and management of enterprises. Today, the country has a growing productivity gap between the most efficient and lagging companies. The aim of the study is to identify the key factors which determine the magnitude and growth rate of this indicator in the interests of revealing promising areas and ways of managing its growth. The paper describes the analysis of financial and economic indicators that are factors of sustainable growth in LP at domestic industrial enterprises, leading in this indicator in the period 2017–2019. The methodological basis has been the provisions of the production factors and productivity theories. The research method is based on the theorem of statistical hypotheses. The object of this research has been 94 Russian leading companies in terms of LP growth under reviewing period. An economic and statistical model of LP growth factors has been developed and the conditional probabilities of hypotheses have been calculated that characterize the ranges of growth of this indicator upon the occurrence of events corresponding to an increase in the values of financial and economic indicators. The key factors and the ranges of their change are highlighted for four ranges of the productivity rate: small, moderate, high and record. It is shown that the determining factors of a low rate are a revenue growth in the range from –23 to 57%, a decrease in the duration of an operating cycle to –7% and a growth in asset turnover up to 37%. The factors of the record rate of LP growth are revenue gain in the range 97–297%; operating cycle reduction in the range from –42 to –88% and the turnover of assets gain in the range 114–342%. The capital-labor ratio gain is considered with low probability as a factor of the moderate or high LP gain in combination with an increase in revenue and asset turnover. High correlation of the operating cycle reduction and increase the asset turnover can serve as an indicator of LP increase programs success. The proposed approach allowed to identify significant factors of LP growth at leading companies that had not been obvious during applying a regression analysis.

Trade Liberalization, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The linkage between trade liberalization, environmental quality and economic growth is becoming an increasingly popular issue in environmental economics in recent decades. In view of Pakistan’s position as one of the main contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in Asia, it is vital to identify the main determinants of carbon dioxide emissions. The present study empirically investigates the long run association among trade liberalization, environmental quality and economic growth along with other variables energy use and capital labor ratio in Pakistan for the period 1980-2018. The results also indicate that there is inverted U shape relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions, hence the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid in Pakistan during 1980-2018. Trade openness has a negative significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Capital labor ratio effects and energy use have a direct relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. The results show that environmental quality is first declined by economic growth but with further increase in growth, environmental quality is improved which supports the existence of Environmental Kuznet curve hypothesis in Pakistan during that time span. Furthermore, results also show that trade openness has positive significant impact on environmental quality.

Elasticity of Labor Productivity by Production Factors in the Regions of Russia

On the basis of models of production functions with an explanation level of 80-90%, built using cross-sectional data for the regions of the country, partial values of the coefficients of elasticity of labor productivity by production factors were obtained. Partial (regional) values of the coefficients of elasticity of labor productivity are calculated using the particular regression equations of models of production functions. The factors included the capital-labor ratio, wages, the price index of industrial goods, the coefficient of funds (an indicator of income inequality), the share of exports in the gross regional product. The regions are identified in which these factors have the maximum and minimum impact on labor productivity.

Trade Liberalization, Economic Growth and Environmental Quality Nexus: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The linkage between trade liberalization, environmental quality and economic growth is becoming an increasingly popular issue in environmental economics in recent decades. In view of Pakistan’s position as one of the main contributors to carbon dioxide emissions in Asia, it is vital to identify the main determinants of carbon dioxide emissions. The present study empirically investigates the long run association among trade liberalization, environmental quality and economic growth along with other variables energy use and capital labor ratio in Pakistan for the period 1980-2018. The results also indicate that there is inverted U shape relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions, hence the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid in Pakistan during 1980-2018. Trade openness has a negative significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Capital labor ratio effects and energy use have a direct relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. The results show that environmental quality is first declined by economic growth but with further increase in growth, environmental quality is improved which supports the existence of Environmental Kuznet curve hypothesis in Pakistan during that time span. Furthermore, results also show that trade openness has positive significant impact on environmental quality.

Studying the specifics of manipulation of financial statements in organizations of the construction sector

Subject. We identify the signs of manipulating the financial statements in the construction sector organizations. Objectives. We focus on developing the analytical procedures to detect the signs of financial statements manipulation, namely, the so-called window dressing. Methods. The methodological basis rests on general scientific principles and methods of research, like abstraction, generalization of approaches of domestic and foreign authors to the detection of manipulation of reporting, and statistical methods of information processing. Results. We developed a classification of methods for manipulation of unsound improvement of financial statements, assessed the likelihood of misstatement of financial statements, identified the elements of poor quality items, proposed a method to detect the manipulation of reporting, based on the comparison of substandard financial statement items with reliable items and/or non-financial indicators. We tested the methodology on the data of enterprises, operating in the construction sector. Conclusions. The study found that a likely manipulator is, usually, a micro-enterprise or a small company that does not have a credit limit, has significant relative performance of assets and liabilities of low quality, while showing high productivity and high return on assets at the average level of capital/labor ratio, and characterized by low investment and financial activity.

CHANGES IN RESOURCES AND THE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTION FACTORS AND THEIR PRODUCTIVITY IN HORTICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN THE YEARS 2010-2018

The aim of the research was to assess the changes in relations between factors of production and their effectiveness in horticultural holdings depending on their economic size in Poland in the years 2010-2018. The general characteristics of FADN horticultural holdings in Poland have been presented, followed by a description of the capital-labor ratio and the capital-land ratio and land resources per work unit, that is, the basic correlations between factors of production. Productivity of work, land and capital measured by gross added value was determined. On the basis of research, it was found that the resources of production factors increased along with the economic size of horticultural holdings. In the examined period, land resources decreased (apart from the biggest farms), labor expenditures were reduced, while capital resources increased. Increase in capital value, accompanied by a reduction in land and labor resources, resulted in enhancing the capital-labor ratio and capital-land ratio. In general, as economic size increased, so did the productivity of factors of production. The highest productivity of labor, land and capital was recorded in the biggest holdings. In the examined period, in all classes of economic size, an increase in labor and land productivity was observed (with the exception of the largest holdings), as well as a decrease in capital productivity (in all classes). Deterioration of capital productivity of horticultural holdings was due to a greater increase in capital value in comparison with gross added value. In the examined period, productivity of factors of production decreased in the largest holdings (economic class 5), despite the achievement of the highest productivity of factors of production in comparison with other classes.

Labor Productivity Elasticity by Production Factors in the Central Federal District of Russia

To identify the determinants of labor productivity, correlation between labor productivity and various indicators were evaluated, reflecting the influence of a wide range of socio-economic and innovative factors in the regions of Russia for 2015-2018. It has been established that many indicators characterizing socio-economic and innovative factors do not have a significant relationship with labor productivity and are multicollenarity (they have correlation relationships among themselves). For each year, according to statistics from the regions of the Central Federal District of Russia, econometric models constructed in the form of a well-known standard internal linear function - an analogue of the Cobb-Douglas production function. The obtained models testify to a positive impact on the labor productivity of the capital-labor ratio, the level of export, the level of income distribution inequality, the number of workers engaged in research and development, which indicates the contribution of science to the spread of new technological structures in the economy. A significant positive effect on labor productivity of income inequality testifies to the action in the country of economic mechanisms operating in developed countries.