scholarly journals A Low-Cost Surge Current Detection Sensor with Predictive Lifetime Display Function for Maintenance of Surge Protective Devices

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youngjun Lee ◽  
Young Sam Lee
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Protective Device ◽  
Lcd Driver ◽  
Display Function ◽  
Duration Information ◽  
Toroidal Coil ◽  
Current Detection ◽  
Surge Current

In this study, a low-cost surge current detection sensor (SCDS) that can measure high current surges using a low-current toroidal coil is proposed for maintenance of a surge protective device (SPD). The proposed SCDS is designed to display the predicted lifetime of the SPD based on the magnitude of surge current and number of surges. In addition, a method for measuring high surge current using a toroidal coil that can usually measure only low current is proposed. A lightning strike counter consists of a microcontroller with a low-power liquid crystal display (LCD) driver, 3 VDC lithium battery, and signal conditioning circuit that converts amplitude information of the surge current into duration information of a negative pulse to facilitate processing in the microcontroller. In this paper, we propose a software algorithm that can calculate the remaining lifetime of SPD based on the amplitude and number of surge currents. There is also an option to select the capacity of the surge protective device and the number of phase lines, allowing it to assess the predicted lifetime for various types of Class II SPDs. The proposed SCDS is measured as 7.2 μA from the battery power consumption test, and the service life is calculated to be 11.1 years. It meets the International Standard IEC62561-6 test conditions of the lightning strike counter and is expected to be useful in the maintenance of SPDs and lightning protection systems.

Low‐cost direct instantaneous torque control for switched reluctance motors with bus current detection under soft‐chopping mode

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Gan ◽  
Jianhua Wu ◽  
Qingguo Sun ◽  
Shiyou Yang ◽  
Yihua Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motors ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Current Detection

scholarly journals An IoT based Low-cost Weather Monitoring System for Smart Farming

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.P.S.S.K. Dayananda ◽  
A. Narmilan ◽  
P. Pirapuraj
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Arduino Uno

Background: Weather monitoring is an important aspect of crop cultivation for reducing economic loss while increasing productivity. Weather is the combination of current meteorological components, such as temperature, wind direction and speed, amount and kind of precipitation, sunshine hours and so on. The weather defines a time span ranging from a few hours to several days. The periodic or continuous surveillance or the analysis of the status of the atmosphere and the climate, including parameters such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure, is known as weather monitoring. Because of the increased usage of the internet, weather monitoring has been upgraded to smart weather monitoring. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the new technology that can help with many precision farming operations. Smart weather monitoring is one of the precision agriculture technologies that use sensors to monitor correct weather. The main objective of the research is to design a smart weather monitoring and real-time alert system to overcome the issue of monitoring weather conditions in agricultural farms in order for farmers to make better decisions. Methods: Different sensors were used in this study to detect temperature and humidity, pressure, rain, light intensity, CO2 level, wind speed and direction in an agricultural farm and real time clock sensor was used to measured real time weather data. The major component of this system was an Arduino Uno microcontroller and the system ran according to a program written in the Arduino Uno software. Result: This is a low-cost smart weather monitoring system. This system’s output unit were a liquid crystal display and a GSM900A module. The weather data was displayed on a liquid crystal display and the GSM900A module was used to send the data to a mobile phone. This smart weather station was used to monitor real-time weather conditions while sending weather information to the farmer’s mobile phone, allowing him to make better decisions to increase yield.

Rugged ICs against Corrosion, Shock plus Hotter Temperatures

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 (HITEC) ◽  
pp. 000343-000348 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Gold Plating ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Display Driver ◽  
Ball Bonding ◽  
Engineering Effort ◽  
Gold Diffusion

More applications need microcontrollers to operate at higher temperatures. ICs must survive faster corrosion rate and higher stresses. Improving wire bonding, mold compound or package design requires engineering effort, long evaluation and cost. Because packages are already optimized, further optimization often does not yield the needed improvements. Without changing either chip design or the packaging, one can achieve high temperature reliability by protecting ICs with a gold, over passivation metal (OPM). Low cost CMOS liquid crystal display driver ICs are plated with gold bumps at high volume. Similar gold plating process can be quickly and cheaply implemented over all microcontrollers. Between ICs to the electroplated gold OPM is a barrier metal that slows gold diffusion into aluminum and thereby increases operating life before Au-Al intermetallic wire bond failure. Reliability is improved 6x to 94x under different test conditions. Ball bonding to gold pads are 10% to 40% stronger than onto aluminum pads. Furthermore, gold-gold mono-metallic bonds are ductile and can withstand stresses of extreme package reliability tests consisting of: AATC, MSL1 preconditioning, autoclave and then 190C HTB for 1000 hours. Ductile bonds can strain under mechanical stress and shock. Gold is resistant against corrosion such that packaged ICs survive reliability tests causing mold compound delamination and then moisture ingress from autoclave.

Design of Gamma Energy Spectrometer Based on the Technology of LabVIEW and Bluetooth

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 720-724
Author(s):  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Yue Zhong Li ◽  
Li Yi Xie
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acquisition System ◽  
Gamma Energy ◽  
Display Module ◽  
Communication Module ◽  
Energy Spectrometer ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Data Acquisition Module

This paper introduced the design of gamma energy spectrometer by technology of LabVIEW and Bluetooth. The hardware of system included portable gamma energy spectrometer, Bluetooth module and PC. The software of system included the composed of acquisition system by the MCU and analysis system by PC.The design of acquisition system included the design of main program, liquid crystal display module, keyboard module, Bluetooth communication module and data acquisition module. The design of analysis system included the design of serial communication module, data storage module and data processing module. Practice shows that the energy spectrometer has a user-friendly, flexible, low cost, easy to expand and good performance.

A RAIL-TO-RAIL BUFFER AMPLIFIER FOR LCD DRIVER

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (07) ◽  
pp. 1377-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIH-WEN LU ◽  
CHING-MIN HSIAO
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Offset Voltage ◽  
Rail To Rail ◽  
Lcd Driver ◽  
Display Driver ◽  
Buffer Amplifier ◽  
Voltage Swing

A high-speed low-power rail-to-rail buffer amplifier, which is suitable for liquid crystal display driver applications, is proposed. An offset voltage is intentionally built in the second stage to cut off the transistors of last stage from the output node in the stable state and hence achieve low dc power consumption. The input referred offset voltage due to the built-in offset is very small. The buffer draws little current while static but has a large driving capability while transient. An experimental prototype buffer amplifier implemented in a 0.35-μm CMOS technology demonstrates that the circuit can operate under a wide power supply range. Quiescent current of 5 μA is measured. The buffer exhibits the settling time of 1.5 μs for a voltage swing of 0.1 ~ (VDD – 0.1) V under a 600 pF capacitance load. The area of this buffer is 30 × 98 μm2. The measured data show that the proposed output buffer amplifier is very suitable for LCD driver applications.

scholarly journals Design of a TFT-LCD Based Digital Automobile Instrument

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunsong Xu ◽  
Shen Yin ◽  
Jinyong Yu ◽  
Hamid Reza Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Can Bus ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thin Film Transistor ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Interface Circuit ◽  
Data Query ◽  
Control Units ◽  
Drive Circuit

The traditional mechanical instrument lacks the ability to satisfy the market with characters of favorable compatibility, easy upgrading, and fashion. Thus the design of a TFT-LCD (thin film transistor-liquid crystal display) based automobile instrument is carried out. With a 7-inch TFT-LCD and the 32-bit microcontroller MB91F599, the instrument could process various information generated by other electronic control units (ECUs) of a vehicle and display valuable driving parameters on the 7-inch TFT-LCD. The function of aided parking is also provided by the instrument. Basic principles to be obeyed in circuits designing under on-board environment are first pointed out. Then the paper analyzes the signals processed in the automobile instrument and gives an introduction to the sampling circuits and interfaces related to these signals. Following this is the functional categorizing of the circuit modules, such as video buffer circuit, CAN bus interface circuit, and TFT-LCD drive circuit. Additionally, the external EEPROM stores information of the vehicle for history data query, and the external FLASH enables the display of high quality figures. On the whole, the accomplished automobile instrument meets the requirements of automobile instrument markets with its characters of low cost, favorable compatibility, friendly interfaces, and easy upgrading.

Design of Temperature Measurement System Based on Microcontroller

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 4039-4042
Author(s):  
Cao Rui ◽  
Kong Jun Bao
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Display Function ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Temperature Measurement System ◽  
Digital Temperature Sensor

This temperature measurement system is based on the control of AT89S52 single chip microcontroller, with temperature display function. Temperature information is changed into digital signal directly by a single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20, and the digital signal is sent into microcontroller for real-time acquisition. The results are displayed through LCD module 1602 in real time. The system is with the characteristics of low cost, high precision, stable performance and convenient operation. The system can be extended to multi-point temperature detecting system easily, and adding temperature transfinite alarm function.

scholarly journals Microcontroller Based Portable Anemometer for Wind Monitoring System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6262-6267
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Wind Direction ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Military Operations

Weather monitoring and forecasting system plays an important role nowadays in all the aspect of science, trade and other fields not limited to the field of cultivation, farming, fishery, naval trade, shipping, military operations, air navigation etc. Wind speed and wind direction is one of the most vital weather variables like moisture, pressure, temperature, density, rain forecast, solar radiation, clouds, air masses, fronts and storms. In this paper, a low cost PIC16F887 microcontroller based portable wind speed and wind direction monitoring system called an anemometer is designed & experimented. The designed anemometer is divided into two parts namely mechanical and electrical parts. Both parts are developed, designed and tested in this research work. Wind turns the cup of Anemometer and produced mechanical energy that converted to electrical energy or signal. The electrical signal or pulse intervals determine by the microcontroller and generate consequence pulses to find out the wind speed. The programming codes inside the microcontroller helps to extract the voltage drops measured from a potentiometer connected to the mechanical part of Anemometer and intellect the wind direction precisely. A lucrative 16x2 liquid crystal display (LCD) is used to display the wind speed and direction.

scholarly journals Lightning Protection for Mobile Phone Base Stations by Combining λ/4 Short Stub and λ/4 Open Stub

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 249-255
Author(s):  
Chikashi Okabayashi ◽  
Hitoshi Kijima
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Protective Device ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Protection Level ◽  
Quarter Wave ◽  
Base Transceiver Station ◽  
Surge Current

This paper describes lightning protection for mobile phone base stations by combining quarter wave short and open stubs. MPBS (Mobile Phone Base Stations) have antenna towers and are often installed on the top of mountains. Therefore they have a high probability of lightning strikes.The most important lightning protection system is a bonding network and an earth system. All incoming services should be bonded at the entry to the MPBS in order to obtain an equipotential environment for all systems. And SPD (Surge Protective Device) should be installed at the entry to the BTS（ Base Transceiver Station）. As an SPD, either a GDT or λ/4 short stub was used. However, conventional SPD such as a GDT and λ/4 short stub cannot completely prevent the lightning surge current diverging to the BTS side. Therefore we have developed an insulated coaxial SPD that allows lightning surges to be discharged to the ground while passing signals without loss by combining the λ/4 short stub and the λ/4 open stub. The performances of this newly developed product were as follows. Insertion loss was less than 0.1dB, VSWR was less than 1.15 and voltage protection Level Up was 80V

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