The Cymbidium genome reveals the evolution of unique morphological traits

The marvelously diverse Orchidaceae constitutes the largest family of angiosperms. The genus Cymbidium in Orchidaceae is well known for its unique vegetation, floral morphology, and flower scent traits. Here, a chromosome-scale assembly of the genome of Cymbidium ensifolium (Jianlan) is presented. Comparative genomic analysis showed that C. ensifolium has experienced two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, the most recent of which was shared by all orchids, while the older event was the τ event shared by most monocots. The results of MADS-box genes analysis provided support for establishing a unique gene model of orchid flower development regulation, and flower shape mutations in C. ensifolium were shown to be associated with the abnormal expression of MADS-box genes. The most abundant floral scent components identified included methyl jasmonate, acacia alcohol and linalool, and the genes involved in the floral scent component network of C. ensifolium were determined. Furthermore, the decreased expression of photosynthesis-antennae and photosynthesis metabolic pathway genes in leaves was shown to result in colorful striped leaves, while the increased expression of MADS-box genes in leaves led to perianth-like leaves. Our results provide fundamental insights into orchid evolution and diversification.

Stage Specificity, the Dynamic Regulators and the Unique Orchid Arundina graminifolia

Orchids take years to reach flowering, but the unique bamboo orchid (Arundina graminifolia) achieves reproductive maturity in six months and then keeps on year round flowering. Therefore, studying different aspects of its growth, development and flowering is key to boost breeding programs for orchids. This study uses transcriptome tools to discuss genetic regulation in five stages of flower development and four tissue types. Stage specificity was focused to distinguish genes specifically expressed in different stages of flower development and tissue types. The top 10 highly expressed genes suggested unique regulatory patterns for each stage or tissue. The A. graminifolia sequences were blasted in Arabidopsis genome to validate stage specific genes and to predict important hormonal and cell regulators. Moreover, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) modules were ascertained to suggest highly influential hubs for early and late stages of flower development, leaf and root. Hormonal regulators were abundant in all data sets, such as auxin (LAX2, GH3.1 and SAUR41), cytokinin (LOG1), gibberellin (GASA3 and YAB4), abscisic acid (DPBF3) and sucrose (SWEET4 and SWEET13). Findings of this study, thus, give a fine sketch of genetic variability in Orchidaceae and broaden our understanding of orchid flower development and the involvement of multiple pathways.

Implementation of the K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm for Identification of Orchid Flower Image

Phalaenopsis adalah bahasa latin dari bunga anggrek yang merupakan salah satu bunga yang banyak digemari masyarakat untuk menghiasi rumah mereka. Bunga anggrek memiliki banyak jenis yang mungkin banyak masyarakat hanya mengetahui jenisnya dari warnanya saja. Banyak yang kurang mengamati tentang bunga anggrek itu sendiri. Terkadang 1 warna terdiri dari beberapa jenis.yang sangat menonjol untuk membedakannya adalah dilihat dari kelopak bunga anggrek. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel 3 jenis bunga angrek, yaitu jenis Phalaenopsis Amabilis, Dendrobium Phalaenopsis, dan Phalaenopsis Violacea. Tahapan implementasi yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan preprocessing yang meliputi grayscale dan deteksi tepi Kirsch, selanjutnya proses identifikasinya dengan menerapkan algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor. Hasil yang dari penelitian ini antara lain telah dihasilkan sebuah aplikasi untuk deteksi bunga anggrek berdasarkan kelopak bunga dan didapatkan akurasi sebesar 86,7%. Besarnya akurasi yang didapatkan berpengaruh dari banyaknya data training dan data testing yang digunakan saat ujicoba.

Extending the Toolkit for Beauty: Differential Co-Expression of DROOPING LEAF-Like and Class B MADS-Box Genes during Phalaenopsis Flower Development

The molecular basis of orchid flower development is accomplished through a specific regulatory program in which the class B MADS-box AP3/DEF genes play a central role. In particular, the differential expression of four class B AP3/DEF genes is responsible for specification of organ identities in the orchid perianth. Other MADS-box genes (AGL6 and SEP-like) enrich the molecular program underpinning the orchid perianth development, resulting in the expansion of the original “orchid code” in an even more complex gene regulatory network. To identify candidates that could interact with the AP3/DEF genes in orchids, we conducted an in silico differential expression analysis in wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis. The results suggest that a YABBY DL-like gene could be involved in the molecular program leading to the development of the orchid perianth, particularly the labellum. Two YABBY DL/CRC homologs are present in the genome of Phalaenopsis equestris, PeDL1 and PeDL2, and both express two alternative isoforms. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that both genes are expressed in column and ovary. In addition, PeDL2 is more strongly expressed the labellum than in the other tepals of wild-type flowers. This pattern is similar to that of the AP3/DEF genes PeMADS3/4 and opposite to that of PeMADS2/5. In peloric mutant Phalaenopsis, where labellum-like structures substitute the lateral inner tepals, PeDL2 is expressed at similar levels of the PeMADS2-5 genes, suggesting the involvement of PeDL2 in the development of the labellum, together with the PeMADS2-PeMADS5 genes. Although the yeast two-hybrid analysis did not reveal the ability of PeDL2 to bind the PeMADS2-PeMADS5 proteins directly, the existence of regulatory interactions is suggested by the presence of CArG-boxes and other MADS-box transcription factor binding sites within the putative promoter of the orchid DL2 gene.

Internet Of Things-Based Orchid Plant Watering Tool

The orchid flower is an ornamental plant that has a lot of interest. For orchid cultivation, there are many things that need to be monitored, including the watering process. Referring to this, an Internet of Things (IoT) -based orchid watering device was made which uses Arduino as a microcontroller, the yl-69 sensor as a soil moisture reader, the DHT11 sensor as a temperature reader, the float swith sensor as an automatic reservoir and an omron timer as a timer for administration. vitamin. All data read by the sensor is sent to the Thingspeak webserver and forwarded to the MIT App Invertor application installed on the smartphone. This tool is made to make it easier for a cultivator to monitor watering plants remotely via an application on a smartphone. After taking data for about two weeks, the sensor readings were obtained, including the yl-69 sensor in wet conditions which has a standard deviation of 0.89 and dry conditions 1.18, the DHT11 sensor has a standard deviation of 0.4 for temperature. For the development of orchid plants, it shows quite good results, it is shown from the stems and leaves of the plants that begin to elongate and grow thick.

Ancestral duplicated DL/CRC orthologs display function on orchid reproductive organ innovation

ABSTRACTThe orchid flower is renowned for complexity of flower organ morphogenesis and has attracted great interest from scientists. The YABBY genes encode plant-specific transcription factors with important roles in vegetative and reproductive development in seed plants. DROOPING LEAF/CRABS CLAW (DL/CRC) orthologs are involved in reproductive organ development (especially carpels) of angiosperms. Orchid gynostemium (the fused organ of the androecium and gynoecium) and ovule development are unique developmental processes. Understanding the DL/CRC-like genes controlling the developmental program of the gynostemium and ovule could provide accessible information for reproductive organ molecular regulation in orchids. Two DL/CRC-like genes, named PeDL1 and PeDL2, were cloned from Phalaenopsis equestris. The orchid DL/CRC forms a monophyletic clade with two subclades including AshDL, PeDL1 and DcaDL1 in subclade I, and PeDL2 and DcaDL2 in subclade II. The temporal and spatial expression analysis indicated PeDL genes are specifically expressed in the gynostemium and at the early stages of ovule development. Both PeDLs could partially complement an Arabidopsis crc-1 mutant. Transient overexpression of PeDL1 in Phalaenopsis orchids caused abnormal development of ovule and stigmatic cavity of gynostemium. PeDL1, instead of PeDL2, could form a heterodimer with PeCIN8. Paralogue retention and subsequent divergence of the gene sequence of PeDL1 and PeDL2 in P. equestris might result in the differentiation of function and protein behaviors. These results reveal the important roles of PeDLs involved in orchid gynostemium and ovule development and provide new insights for further understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying orchid reproductive organ development.

BUNGA ANGGREK HITAM SEBAGAI IDE PENCIPTAAN KARYA BATIK PADA KAIN TENUN ULAP DOYO

Black orchid flower is a natural plant typical of Borneo. Human life cannot be separated from the surrounding environment. The admiration of the authors of black orchid flowers aroused the writer's request to preserve this natural Kalimantan plant, by making artworks with the concept of batik that raised the theme of black orchid flowers. By making this work the author hopes that the community has concern and awareness of the black orchid flower and its natural habitat. This batik work will be poured on the woven Ulap Doyo which comes from doyo leaf fibers typical of East Kalimantan.Making a senior work The method used is discussing aesthetics and asking for empirical, while the method used is the method that uses S.P. Gustami, namely exploration, design, embodiment. When starting exploration, it starts with data collection. The data collection method used is literature study. At the time of design, two designs were made and the designs were made through an embodiment process. This written batik works using traditional batik techniques using the canting process, the dye dye synthesis technique, the colet and the lorodan process. This work also has a unique impression that uses the basic ingredients of doyo weaving derived from doyo leaf fiber which has been through a long process, making it a unique webbing. This work is a batik work combined with doyo weaving. The work produced by the panel made of interior decoration, is accepted to be very flexible because it can only be interior decoration, besides being easily appreciated and conveyed the message can also encourage creative economic inspiration of local wisdom of the local community.From this final project, 2 panel works were made. The panel work that was made still used the original shape and color of the black orchid flower did not want to eliminate the character of the black orchid flower, but there were some that the author made with the author's creations such as curves on the stem and leaves. The colors created have bright colors and black that have characteristics such as Borneo and black orchid flowers that are not far from the theme taken, while the fining uses filigree figures. Keywords: Black Orchid Flowers, Written Batik, Doyo Ulap Weaving Bunga anggrek hitam merupakan tumbuhan alam khas Kalimantan. Kehidupan manusia tidak lepas dari alam sekitarnya. Kekaguman penulis akan bunga anggrek hitam menggugah keinginan penulis untuk melestarikan tanaman alam Kalimantan ini, dengan cara membuat suatu karya seni dengan konsep batik yang mengangkat tema bunga anggrek hitam. Dengan pembuatan karya ini penulis berharap agar masyarakat memiliki keperdulian dan kesadaran terhadap bunga anggrek hitam dan alam habitatnya. Karya batik ini akan dituangkan di atas tenun Ulap Doyo yang berasal dari serat daun doyo khas Kalimantan Timur.Pembuatan sebuah karya seni Metode pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan estetika dan pendekatan empiris, sedangkan metode penciptaan yang digunakan ialah metode penciptaan S.P. Gustami, yakni eksplorasi, perancangan, perwujudan. Pada tahap eksplorasi, penciptaan diawali dengan melakukan pengumpulan data. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka. Pada tahap perancangan dibuatlah 2 rancangan karya kemudian rancangan-rancangan ini diwujudkan melalui proses perwujudan. Karya batik tulis ini menggunakan teknik batik tradisional dengan menggunakan proses canting, teknik pewarnaan sintesis celup tutup, colet dan proses lorodan. Karya ini juga memiliki kesan yang unik dikarenakan menggunakan bahan dasar tenun ulap doyo yang berasal dari serat tumbuhan daun doyo yang telah melalui proses panjang, sehingga menjadi sebuah tenun yang unik. Karya ini merupakan karya batik yang dipadukan dengan tenun ulap doyo. Karya yang dihasilkan berupa kaya panel yang berfungsi sebagai hiasan interior, dirasakan sangat fleksibel karena bisa untuk hiasan interior dimana saja, selain mudah diapresiasi dan menyampaikan pesan juga dapat mendorong inspirasi ekonomi kreatif kearifan lokal masyarakat setempat.Dari karya tugas akhir ini berhasil diciptakan 2 karya panel. Karya panel yang diciptakan masih menggunakan bentuk dan warna asli pada bunga anggrek hitam dikarenakan tidak ingin menghilangkan karakter pada bunga anggrek hitam namun ada beberapa yang penulis kreasikan dengan kreasi penulis seperti lekukan pada batang dan daunnya. Warna-warna yang diciptakan memiliki warna-warna cerah dan gelap yang memiliki karakteristik seperti alam Kalimantan dan bunga anggrek hitam yang tidak jauh dari tema yang diambil, sedangkan sebagai fininghing-nya menggunakan figura kerawang. Kata kunci : Bunga Anggrek Hitam, Batik Tulis, Tenun Ulap Doyo

Recaptures of feral Bactrocera dorsalis and B. umbrosa (Diptera: Tephritidae) males after feeding on methyl eugenol

Two major fruit fly pest species, Bactrocera dorsalis and B. umbrosa, are strongly attracted to methyl eugenol (ME) found in >450 plant species. They are, however, exclusive pollinators of certain daciniphilous (attracting Dacini fruit flies) Bulbophyllum orchids. A comparison between the recaptures of feral males after feeding ad libitum on 0.6 mg ME (simulating an average floral quantity of an orchid flower – Trial 1) and 480 mg in Trial 2 was investigated using the non-invasive capture-mark-release-recapture (CMRR) technique. Based on daily CMRR over a 16-day period, using a different colour enamel paint each day, percentages of B. dorsalis males recaptured in Trial 1 were significantly higher than those in Trial 2. However, for B. umbrosa, percentages of recaptures for different day-specific colours were highly variable due to low fly numbers captured/day. In Trial 1, of 756 B. dorsalis males released, 36.4% were recaptured once, 7.7 twice, 2.4 three times and 0.4 four times. While in Trial 2 of 1157 released males, 6% were recaptured once and 0.3% twice. Of 67 B. umbrosa males released, 28.4% were recaptured once and none more than once in Trial 1. Nevertheless, of 119 flies released in Trial 2, 25.2% were recaptured once and 3.3% twice. Overall, many marked males did return to a single ME-source to ‘refuel’ ME (a sex pheromone precursor). The results also show that a relatively high number of flies paid multi-visitations to a single 0.6 mg ME-source and indicate that the presence of natural ME-sources may impact area-wide IPM programmes.