Research on High Precision Rapid Online Measurement System of Crankshaft Based on Multi-station

According to the structural characteristics and production requirements of the crankshaft, the online measurement platform of crankshaft was built. The multi-station assembly line is developed to measure, to mark and to classify the parameters and measurement elements of the crankshaft. In addition, SPC software is designed to perform mathematical statistics and analysis on the measurement information. It can distinguish between normal fluctuations and abnormal fluctuations in the production process, can inform the fluctuation state to determine whether it should be adjusted, can compare the fluctuations and provide direction for improvement. Finally, through multiple measurement experiments, the feasibility and effectiveness of the synchronous measurement scheme and data processing method proposed in this paper are verified. The experimental results show that GR&R is less than 9.3%, and measurement accuracy is less than or equal to 1μm.

Statistical analysis for the identification of precursory signatures of earthquake occurrence in Total Electron Content (TEC)

<p>In the last few decades several parameters (chemical, physical, biological, etc.) have been proposed in association with the complex process of preparation of earthquakes. In particular, the variability of space weather has been proposed, since long time, as possible indicator of impending earthquakes. This variability can be optimally captured by the detection of anomalous Ionospheric-Total Electron Content (TEC) variations.</p><p>The investigation of the preparation phase of past strong earthquakes could be useful to understand the physical processes involved and to develop a future short-term warning system.</p><p>Since 2001, the general change detection approach RST (Robust Satellite Techniques; Tramutoli, 1998; 2005; 2007) has been used to discriminate anomalies in Earth’s thermal emission measured by satellite possibly associated to seismic activity, from normal fluctuations of the signal related to other causes (e.g. meteorological) independent on the earthquake occurrence.</p><p>In this work are shown the results about the use of a RST-based approach for the preseismic TEC anomalies identification.</p><p>The RST methodology has been reformulated and adapted in order to be applied to TEC measurements recorded by the GPS satellite constellation, so as to discriminate anomalous signals from normal fluctuations of the signal itself. To this aim, we studied the behavior of the TEC parameter, proceeding to the construction of a multi-year dataset of observations (>5 years) in Mediterranean seismically active areas, both in presence and in absence, of strong seismic events (M≥5).</p><p>The achieved results are discussed and compared with the results obtained through independent RST analyses carried out on the Earth’s Thermal Infrared Radiation (TIR) parameter. The comparison of the results obtained using the two parameters is made in order to evaluate how the joint use of both parameters (TEC and TIR) in the framework of a multi-parametric approach can improve the present capability of detection of these perturbations.</p>

P36 Adolescents’ experiences of fluctuating pain in musculoskeletal disorders: a qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis

Background Adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain experience pain that fluctuates within and across days. The aim of this review was to (i) synthesise the qualitative literature on adolescents’ experiences of fluctuating pain in musculoskeletal disorders, (ii) identify the concept of pain flare and how this may differ from daily fluctuation of pain, and (ii) identify knowledge gaps to inform the design of future research. Methods Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, OpenGrey and Scopus) and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from inception to June 2018. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they were qualitative studies exploring the experiences of pain in adolescents, aged between 10–19 years, diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and chronic idiopathic pain syndromes (CIPS). Comprehensiveness of reporting was assessed using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Health Research (COREQ) framework, and studies were analysed using thematic synthesis. Results Of the 3,787 records identified, 32 studies were included from 11 countries. 536 young people with JIA or CIPS participated in the studies, of which 509 had a diagnosis of JIA, and 27 with CIPS. Interviews were conducted in 29 studies, with 9 studies also combining interviews with focus groups, observations, questionnaires, researcher journaling, visual depictions and diaries. Although all included studies reported adolescent’s experience of pain, only 19 studies provide insight into the impact of fluctuating pain on an individual’s life and lived experience. 21 studies included data from parents, siblings, health professionals and/or individuals with other chronic illnesses, but efforts were made to only extract data referring to or expressed by adolescents with JIA or CIPS. Ages of patients ranged from 3 to 23 years, but all studies averaged within the adolescent range. Principal findings were synthesised under three themes: 1) symptom experience, 2) disruption and loss, and 3) regaining control. These themes can be seen to describe a journey through which the adolescent experiences fluctuating pain and associated symptoms, encounters the challenges to lifestyle that fluctuating pain presents, followed by employing coping strategies to regain a sense of control of their lives and pain. Each stage is experienced differently depending on individual factors such as adolescents’ developmental status, pain condition, and duration of the pain experience. Conclusion Adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain live with a daily background level of symptoms which frequently fluctuate and are associated with functional and emotional difficulties. It is not clear whether these symptoms and challenges are experienced as part of normal fluctuations in pain, or whether they reflect symptom exacerbations classified as flares. Further research is needed to explore the frequency and characteristics of pain flares, and how they differ from their normal fluctuations in pain. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

DO SPLEEN MACROPHAGE AGGREGATES UNDERGO SEASON-DEPENDENT CHANGES? A STEREOMICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION IN WILD OHRID TROUT (SALMO LETNICA KAR.)

In past decades macrophage aggregates (MACs) were being used in many monitoring studies as useful immu-nological biomarkers of environmental pollution and they are still encountered in the so-called “future biomarkers”, since quantitative studies in aquaculture and/or field of their normal fluctuations as a result of the influence of natural factors are extremely rare. Our investigation was designed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of the seasons on MAC's relative volume, number and diameter in the Ohrid trout (Salmo letnica Kar.) spleen. Data showed that all investigated parameters had significantly higher values in fish collected during spring and winter. Correlation anal-yses revealed that the increasing of the relative volume of MACs is a result of the increasing of the relative volume of melanin loaded MACs, as well as the increasing of their number and diameter. These results confirmed that the sea-son can affect MACs variations and should be taken into consideration, especially when spleen MACs are used as pollution biomarkers in monitoring studies.

Amplitude modulation of all three velocity components in turbulent boundary layers

A combination of cross-wire probes with an array of flush-mounted skin-friction sensors are used to study the three-dimensional conditional organisation of large-scale structures in a high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layer. Previous studies have documented the amplitude modulation of small-scale motions in response to conditionally averaged large-scale events, but the data are largely restricted to the streamwise component of velocity alone. Here, we report results based on all three components of velocity and find that the small-scale spanwise and wall-normal fluctuations ($v$ and $w$) and the instantaneous Reynolds shear stress ($-{uw}$) are modulated in a very similar manner to that previously noted for the streamwise fluctuations ($u$). The envelope of the small scale fluctuations for all velocity components is well described by the large-scale component of the $u$ fluctuation. These results also confirm the conditional existence of roll modes associated with the very large-scale or ‘superstructure’ motions.

Effects of Microjets in Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step

Large eddy simulation is used to study the flow over a backward-facing step interacting with a periodic array of streamwise microjets emenating from the step at a 45° angle to the step face. Averaged streamwise velocity profiles are in good agreement with experimental data. A well defined turbulent inlet profile for the microjet is found to be important to obtain correct streamwise normal fluctuations near the step. To simulate cases as per the experimental setup a microjet inlet pipe section is necessary for the simulations. The studies with passive scalars need to be conducted to quantify scalar mixing. The monotonicity problem of simulating passive scalar can be overcome by simply clipping the unbounded values. This technique works because the volume occupied by overshoot values of passive scalar are small compared to the total volume of the backward-facing step geometry.

RETURN TIME STATISTICS OF INVARIANT MEASURES FOR INTERVAL MAPS WITH POSITIVE LYAPUNOV EXPONENT

We prove that multimodal maps with an absolutely continuous invariant measure have exponential return time statistics around almost every point. We also show a "polynomial Gibbs property" for these systems, and that the convergence to the entropy in the Ornstein–Weiss formula has normal fluctuations. These results are also proved for equilibrium states of some Hölder potentials.

Question and Answer

The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) aims to provide “consistent and reliable acquisition, analysis, communication, and utilization of medical information through a single set of standards. Two physicians, following the methods of the [AMA] Guides to evaluate the same patient, should report similar results and reach similar conclusions.” In addition, the AMA Guides emphasizes that “[c]onsistency tests are designed to ensure reproducibility and greater accuracy.” If findings are inconsistent, the examiner may choose not to base an impairment rating on them, but, as with any biological measurements, some variability and normal fluctuations are inherent in permanent impairment ratings. Specifically, two measurements by the same examiner on two separate occasions or by two trained observers using the AMA Guides are consistent if they fall within 10% of each other. Repeated measurements may decrease error, and examiners should observe for consistencies in both behavior and findings. The musculoskeletal chapters of the AMA Guides provide specific directions in terms of consistency of measurements (eg, the number of measurements that should be taken using each test), allowable variations in measurements taken at different times, reproducibility of results on different occasions or by two or more trained observers, and the validity of these measurements. Inconsistent findings cannot be used to rate impairment.