Towards the Use of Yellow Clay in Fired Bricks

This chapter deals with the study of the possibility of using yellow clay - which was only used in pottery so far- in the civil engineering field as building materials, especially in the field of fired bricks. With the aim to improve the technological properties of yellow clay based bricks, two wastes were used as secondary raw materials. The first one is a mineral waste - pyrrhotite ash - this waste was neither characterized nor valued before by any other author. While the second waste is an organic waste - cedar sawdust - which is from the artisanal sector. Clay bricks containing yellow clay and different content of wastes were prepared and tested to evaluate their technological properties: water absorption, bulk density, porosity and mechanical strength… The test results indicate that the addition of wastes to clay bricks improves their technological properties and highlights the possibility of wastes reuse in a safe and sustainable way.

The Ornamented Tile-Stove From the V. Kochubei’s House in Baturyn

In 2015 during the archaeological excavations on the territory of “Kochubei” park in Baturyn a blockage of tiles was discovered in cultural layer. The blockage, besides tiles, contained broken bricks, yellow clay, and little fractures of lime. Discovered materials were remains from the tile-stove, located in the smallest room of the General Judge V. Kochubei’s house, which probably was a girls’ room. Found tiles fragments belonged to at least of 38 specimens. The tiles collection is represented by two varieties of panel and cornice tiles. All products are unglazed, have a relief floral motif and the traces of shoot inside. The surfaces of some items were covered by a layer of chalk. Based on constructional (a type of rim figuration) and decorative features there was noticed similarities between pairs panel—cornice tiles. Petrographic and elemental analyses have showed that all tiles were made of clay from one deposit and burnt at the same temperature within two similar or one cycle. Written sources about the organization of workshop craft, analysis, design, and decorative features of the products allowed assuming that two masters of the same craft association worked on the stove construction and the production of tiles for it. The tiles set attest to the two-tiers stove. The well-known Baturyn, Ukrainian and foreign analogies let us graphically recreate the appearance of the tile stove and its estimated size. The tile-stove was built between 1700 and 1708 when the house belonged to V. Kochubei, and later it was destroyed in the second half of the XVIII c., not earlier than in 1778. Accordingly, the tile stove from the girl’s room had existed in the house for 70—78 years, during which it had been whitewashed, possibly repeatedly, to hide traces of soot and dust on the surface.

Archaeological Investigations at the Audrey-North Site (11GE20)

This chapter describes previous and recent archaeological investigations at the Audrey-North site (11Ge20) in the Lower Illinois River Valley. The Center for American Archaeology excavated from 1975 to 1983, exposing both Late Woodland and Cahokia-style structures, a circular sweatlodge, pit features, and a palisade segment. In 2000, Colleen Delaney-Rivera analyzed the ceramic artifacts recovered, identifying Woodland- and Mississippian-period pottery in addition to hybrid pots and non-local vessels. A magnetic gradiometry survey of the site in 2014 revealed two areas of interest for excavation: one Mississippian house and one unidentified anomaly. The house area was exposed with a backhoe, revealing a Stirling-phase (AD 1100–1200) wall trench house and associated pit features. Excavations over the other anomaly revealed a small early Mississippian wall trench structure, the floor of which was lined with yellow clay.

RESEARCH OF THE EARLY SCYTHIAN KURGAN ІN KUPYN VILLAGE OF KHMELNITSKYI REGION

In 2018 the archaeological expedition of Kamianets-Podilskyi Ivan Ohiienko National University investigated a group of four mounds of the Early Scythian time in v. Kupyn, Gorodok district of Khmelnitskyi region. All of them are seriously robbed at different times. The work was carried out on two mounds. Mound 3 with a diameter of 15 m, height up to 1 m, damaged by predatory pits. There was built wooden tomb, which later burned. A powerful flame enveloped the whole space and burned the soil to a bright brick color. At one of the sites that were touched by the robbers, the remains of two graves were discovered at the level of the ancient surface. The burial site was filled with yellow clay over an area of 1.1 Ч 0.45 m. The first burial was the remains of a single body, which was in a crouched condition. When the wooden structures of the mound were burning, the skeleton also burned down. Preserved fragments of one leg, femur and tibia, knee joint, several fragments of pelvic bones. The second burial was located next to the first one, but a little south-east. Here, calcified bones were piled up 19 earthen vessels were broken at the buried. Among them are two bank pots, a large and a small claypots, two bowls with a curved edge, two other bowls have a crown bent outward. The whole series presents scoops with a low cup and a high handle with a performance. One of the scoops is made on a potter’s wheel. With tools found, made of iron ax, two ax-tesla, chisel.

PENGARUH KAPUR SEBAGAI STABILIZING AGENT TERHADAP INDEKS PLASTISITAS DAN KUAT GESER LEMPUNG EKSPANSIF MEUNASAH RAYEUK

Clay soil from Desa Meunasah Rayeuk quarry in Kaway XVI, West Aceh Regency is a land material frequently used for construction of road infrastructure. In this quarry, there are three types of soil based on the color, yellow, red, and gray. The three types of soil have expansive characteristics, so they are not suitable for subgrade. This unoptimal characteristic can be improved through soil stabilization. One of them by utilizing the reaction of catinonization between lime Ca(OH)2 with the clay soil. Therefore, a research needs to be conducted to find out the characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of the original soil and the effect of cationization of the soil and lime mixture on the soil plasticity index and soil shear strength parameters. Testing is done through mineralogical test and ASTM standard tests that include physical properties, standard compaction, and direct shear strength test. Variations of lime addition are 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% of the soil dry weight. The test results show that the addition of lime can reduce the soil plasticity index and increase the shear strength of the soil on some level. At mixing up to 12% lime, the soil plasticity index dropped to 12.93% in yellow clay, 11.12% in red clay, and 16,76% in gray clay. The plasticity index after the addition of 12% lime has not met the minimum plasticity index requirement, ie 11%. The maximum shear strength for yellow clay is obtained at 3% lime, and 6% lime for red and gray clays.