Iron Production at Meroe

2021 ◽  
pp. 974-994
Author(s):  
Jane Humphris
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Nature Of Technology ◽  
Ancient Iron ◽  
Technological Practice ◽  
Technical Ceramics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Royal City ◽  
Over Time

The archaeometallurgical remains evident at the Royal City of Meroe represent some of the most extensive evidence for ancient iron production in Africa. Recently, renewed investigations of these remains have generated a number of new insights into Kushite ferrous technology. The duration of iron production at Meroe is now known to span over one thousand years. Currently available data indicates a particularly intensive level of production during the early periods of Kush, while post-Meroitic iron production has been identified at Meroe and at the nearby site of Hamadab. Throughout the long history of iron production in the area, certain aspects of the technological process appear to have remained relatively constant, notably those associated with the acquisition and use of raw materials (iron ore and charcoal fuel). Other facets of the technological practice appear to have changed over time, for example the manufacture of technical ceramics and the design of the furnaces. Such levels of diachronic consistency and variability within technological practice potentially reflect the evolving social, political, and economic circumstances of Kush. Due to the socio-politically embedded nature of technology, interesting insights into broader Kushite history are becoming accessible through greater understandings of Meroe’s iron production remains.

scholarly journals Historical Outline of Iron Mining and Production in the Area of Present-Day Poland

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Paweł Wrona ◽  
Zenon Różański ◽  
Grzegorz Pach ◽  
Adam P. Niewiadomski ◽  
João Pedro Veiga
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Historical Outline ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mining Centers ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Lower Silesia

The article presents the history of iron ore mining and production in present-day Poland and takes into account mining and production techniques and the influence of mining on the development of the surrounding areas. Examples of development are presented for the most important iron ore mining centers established since the period of the so-called Roman influences—Lower Silesia in the region of Tarchalice and the Świętokrzyskie region in the area of Góry Świętokrzyskie (Świętokrzyskie Mountains). The oldest traces of underground iron ore mining in Poland date back to the 7th–5th century B.C., and iron production dates back from the 1st century B.C. in the Częstochowa region where economically significant iron ore exploitation started in the 14th century and lasted until the 20th century. Studies showed that the development of iron ore mining in today’s Poland was associated with significant events in the country’s history, for example, with the expansion of a network of fortified castles in Silesia or with the industrial revolution. In each case, the increase in iron production resulted in the development and growth of the surrounding areas.

scholarly journals Some measures to optimize and make efficient the international maritime transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 649-651
Author(s):  
Oprescu Georgiana
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Maritime Law ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Over Time

Through this study I aimed to address the different concepts of international maritime transport in terms of its legal, economic, administrative and organizational evolution over time, globally. International maritime transport is of extraordinary importance due to the fact that through it the states have the possibility to develop due to the different situations encountered in the civil circuit, and implicitly the commercial one is constantly enriched with new elements. Despite the fact that there are many countries that are not riparian, it is absolutely necessary to have regulations in the maritime field, given the importance of the safety of the trade in goods. Even if, initially, in Romania there was no code of maritime law, there was no autonomous legislation of maritime law, there is, however, a tradition in this field based on commercial law whose content, over time, maritime law has become autonomous as a science and field of application. The history of trade is, to a large extent, the very history of civilization. In the beginning, human needs were few and very simple, limited to obtaining food and clothing. But as he progressed on the evolutionary scale of intelligence, humans demands grew, wanting more than minimal comfort. Trade is one of the methods that producers, sellers and consumers adopt at different times in order to meet their various needs. Due to the fact that no civilized society will be able to actually produce all the goods it consumes based on material difficulties, lack of natural resources, coal, wood, oil, lack of climate specific to the cultivation of a certain variety of vegetables and fruits, etc., maritime transport offers the chance and the connection between civilizations, cultures, continents, thus succeeding in the transport of goods and products to other nations. World trade has always been a solution to the problems and strategies regarding the transport of raw materials urgently needed for the evolution of society and implicitly of industry. Precisely for this reason and to encourage world trade, over the centuries, a number of measures have been taken to make it more efficient, such as measures planned over time, which have proven to be beneficial strategies for the evolution of the economy. and world industry. One of the measures that has had a positive impact on maritime trade and that I will develop in my study, in comparison, is the enlargement of the Suez Canal and the Panama Canal.

The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Sindorela Doli Kryeziu
Keyword(s):  
Single Unit ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Language History ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

Iron Production in Northern Benin: Excavations at Kompa Moussékoubou

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Robion-Brunner ◽  
Anne Haour ◽  
Marie-Pierre Coustures ◽  
Louis Champion ◽  
Didier Béziat
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Furnace Design ◽  
History Of ◽  
Republic Of Benin ◽  
Rare Opportunity

In the context of the “Crossroads of Empires” project led by Anne Haour, one strand of enquiry aims to understand the history of blacksmith groups and the development of iron production in Dendi country, in the northern Republic of Benin. Numerous remains of iron production have been discovered, showing a great variability in furnace design and waste assemblages. At least three smelting traditions can be distinguished. In this paper, we present the smelting site of Kompa Moussékoubou (10th/11th c. AD) which has been investigated by archaeological and archaeometric methods. Beyond the archaeometallurgical results, the excavation of a 1 x 2 m trench on a settlement mound nearby and survey work, which place the site within its wider context, are also discussed. In particular, we offer a detailed analysis of the ceramics recovered during test pitting and within one of the furnaces itself. This paper thus offers a rare opportunity to combine archaeometallurgical and ceramics data.

Transocean and the History of Tax Inversions

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Susan M. Albring ◽  
Randal J. Elder ◽  
Mitchell A. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Income Taxes ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Corporate Income Taxes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jobs Act ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT The first tax inversion in 1983 was followed by small waves of subsequent inversion activity, including two inversions completed by Transocean. Significant media and political attention focused on transactions made by U.S. multinational corporations that were primarily designed to reduce U.S. corporate income taxes. As a result, the U.S. government took several actions to limit inversion activity. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) significantly lowered U.S. corporate tax rates and one expected impact of TCJA is a reduction of inversion activity. Students use the Transocean inversions to understand the reasons why companies complete a tax inversion and how the U.S. tax code affects inversion activity. Students also learn about the structure of inversion transactions and how they have changed over time as the U.S. government attempted to limit them. Students also assess the tax and economic impacts of inversion transactions to evaluate tax policy.

Historical Representations and Recent Changes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schaflechner
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Detailed History ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Representations ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 3 introduces the tradition of ritual journeys and sacred geographies in South Asia, then hones in on a detailed history of the grueling and elaborate pilgrimage attached to the shrine of Hinglaj. Before the construction of the Makran Coastal Highway the journey to the Goddess’s remote abode in the desert of Balochistan frequently presented a lethally dangerous undertaking for her devotees, the hardships of which have been described by many sources in Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Sindhi, and Urdu. This chapter draws heavily from original sources, including travelogues and novels, which are supplanted with local oral histories in order to weave a historical tapestry that displays the rich array of practices and beliefs surrounding the pilgrimage and how they have changed over time. The comparative analysis demonstrates how certain motifs, such as austerity (Skt. tapasyā), remain important themes within the whole Hinglaj genre even in modern times while others have been lost in the contemporary era.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Geslani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Indian Religion

The introduction reviews the historiographic problem of the relation between fire sacrifice (yajña) and image worship (pūjā), which have traditionally been seen as opposing ritual structures serving to undergird the distinction of “Vedic” and “Hindu.” Against such an icono- and theocentric approach, it proposes a history of the priesthood in relation to royal power, centering on the relationship between the royal chaplain (purohita) and astrologer (sāṃvatsara) as a crucial, unexplored development in early Indian religion. In order to capture these historical developments, it outlines a method for the comparative study of ritual forms over time.

The Growth of Historical Method in Tang China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Hartman ◽  
Anthony DeBlasi
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Successor State ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Official History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses how the full emergence of the centralized, aristocratic state in the seventh century brought about an official historiography that was part of the bureaucracy of that state. Beginning in the Tang, each dynastic court maintained an office of historiography. Over time, a regularized process evolved that, in theory and often in reality, turned the daily production of court bureaucratic documents into an official history of the dynasty. Although this process was ongoing throughout the dynasty, the final, standard ‘dynastic history’ was usually completed after the dynasty's demise by its successor state. Indeed, the very concept of a series of dynastic histories that, taken together, would present an official history of successive, legitimate Chinese states, dates from the eleventh century.

The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Closed Economy ◽  
Current Characteristics ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Contemporary Context ◽  
Over Time

Brazil constitutes a globally vital but troubled economy. It accounts for the largest GDP in Latin America and ranks among the world’s largest exporters of critical commodities including iron ore, soya, coffee, and beef. In recent years Brazil’s global economic importance has been magnified by a surge in both outward and inward foreign direct investment. This has served to further internationalize what has been historically a relatively closed economy. The purpose of this Handbook is to offer real insight into the Brazil’s economic development in contemporary context, understanding its most salient characteristics and analyzing its structural features across various dimensions. At a more granular level, this volume accomplishes the following tasks. First, it provides an understanding of the economy’s evolution over time and the connection of its current characteristics to this evolution. Second, it analyzes Brazil’s broader place in the global economy, and considers the ways in which this role has changed, and is likely to change, over coming years. Third, reflecting contemporary concerns, the volume offers an understanding, not only of how one of the world’s key economies has developed and transformed itself, but also of the ways in which this process has yet to be completed. The volume thus analyzes the current challenges facing the Brazilian economy and the kinds of issues that need to be tackled for these to be addressed.

scholarly journals TIME THROUGH TIME: ITS EVOLUTION THROUGH WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IN SEVEN IDEAS

Think ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (58) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Emily Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Western Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTWhat is time? Just like everything else in the world, our understanding of time has changed continually over time. This article tracks this question through the history of Western philosophy and looks at major answers from the likes of Aristotle, Kant, and McTaggart.

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