Rhythm: Types, Hierarchy and Language Diversity

This article deals with the factors which cause the emergence of rhythm, its types, hierarchy and the relation of rhythm to life and the human language diversity. According to Aristotle “all types of rhythm are measured by certain movements”. So all events and processes connected with rhythm are rhythmical in nature. Rhythm is a regular reiteration of identical cases, processes and events within the boundaries of time and space. Rhythm is the form of regular motion. However, rhythm is not the result of motion. It is just the movement itself. All types of rhythm or movement, to our mind, are based on energy the absence of which excludes movements, rhythms, accordingly then life, human language, as well as language diversity. Thus, studying rhythm, its types and systemic hierarchy, to our mind, enables us to reveal the mechanism of transition from inanimate nature to animate one, on the one hand, and creation of the styduing diversity principle of nature, as well as language diversity, on the other hand. The main task of a linguistic scholar, as defined by David Crystal, is great interest. To this linguist “the main task of the linguistic scholar is not to improve the language teaching situation … etc., his task is basically to study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built. What are the “design features” of human language? What are the differences between languages? How can we describe and classify this? How far are they fundamental? What concepts do we have before we can begin to talk about language at all” (D.Crystal, 1997). Our aim, accordingly, is to make an attempt to study the types of rhythm, its systemic hierarchy and the relation of rhythm to emergence of life and language diversity.

Proximity Measurement for Hierarchical Categorical Attributes in Big Data

Nearly most of the organizations store massive amounts of data in large databases for research, statistics, and mining purposes. In most cases, much of the accumulated data contain sensitive information belonging to individuals which may breach privacy. Hence, ensuring privacy in big data is considered a very important issue. The concept of privacy aims to protect sensitive information from various attacks that may violate the identity of individuals. Anonymization techniques are considered the best way to ensure privacy in big data. Various works have been already realized, taking into account horizontal clustering. The L-diversity technique is one of those techniques dealing with sensitive numerical and categorical attributes. However, the majority of anonymization techniques using L-diversity principle for hierarchical data cannot resist the similarity attack and therefore cannot ensure privacy carefully. In order to prevent the similarity attack while preserving data utility, a hybrid technique dealing with categorical attributes is proposed in this paper. Furthermore, we highlighted all the steps of our proposed algorithm with detailed comments. Moreover, the algorithm is implemented and evaluated according to a well-known information loss-based criterion which is Normalized Certainty Penalty (NCP). The obtained results show a good balance between privacy and data utility.

Frequency-diverse multimode millimetre-wave constant-ϵr lens-loaded cavity

This paper presents a physical frequency-diverse multimode lens-loaded cavity, designed and used for the purpose of the direction of arrival (DoA) estimation in millimetre-wave frequency bands for 5G and beyond. The multi-mode mechanism is realized using an electrically-large cavity, generating spatio-temporally incoherent radiation masks leveraging the frequency-diversity principle. It has been shown for the first time that by placing a spherical constant dielectric lens (constant-ϵr) in front of the radiating aperture of the cavity, the spatial incoherence of the radiation modes can be enhanced. The lens-loaded cavity requires only a single lens and output port, making the hardware development much simpler and cost-effective compared to conventional DoA estimators where multiple antennas and receivers are classically required. Using the lens-loaded architecture, an increase of up to 6 dB is achieved in the peak gain of the synthesized quasi-random sampling bases from the frequency-diverse cavity. Despite the fact that the practical frequency-diverse cavity uses a limited subset of quasi-orthogonal modes below the upper bound limit of the number of theoretical modes, it is shown that the proposed lens-loaded cavity is capable of accurate DoA estimation. This is achieved thanks to the sufficient orthogonality of the leveraged modes and to the presence of the spherical constant-ϵr lens which increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the received signal. Experimental results are shown to verify the proposed approach.

МАРКОВСЬКІ МОДЕЛІ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПРОГРАМНО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ НА САМОДІАГНОСТОВНИХ ПРОГРАМОВНИХ ПЛАТФОРМАХ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ПОМИЛОК ЗАСОБІВ КОНТРОЛЮ

Ensuring the safe operation of nuclear power plants remains one of the most important tasks. An important role in ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants is played by instrumentation and control systems (ICS). Extremely high demands are made on such systems, first of all, on their reliability and functional safety. The object of research and analysis in this work is the Nuclear Island I&C Instrumentation System and Reactor Protection System, which are developed based on programmable RadICS Platform with self-diagnostic. The failure trees of such platforms and ICS based on them were developed. In the next stage, several Markov models of redundant ICS are developed. The article aims to develop and analyze the results of research on Markov models for reliability and safety assessment of ICS based on self-checking programmable platforms. The models take into account errors of checking and diagnostic tools, namely errors associated with identifying failures and failures of the corresponding components of the hardware and software/FPGA and channels of redundant structures. Models have been developed for various options of redundant structures and taking into account the diversity principle for ISC structure and failure rate caused by design defects. Multiple-fragment Markov Models of ICS were also investigated. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the proposed models take into account an expanded set of parameters of self-diagnosing programmable platforms, ICS, the processes of their use and maintenance. Recommendations on the selection of parameters and structural ICS are formulated.

Implementation of Seven Finger RAKE Receiver using MRC Technique

The radio receiver that counters the effects of the multipath fading is known as a rake receiver. Rake receiver used to combine the multipath signals by number of ‘sub receivers’ known as ‘fingers’. Rake receiver uses a multipath diversity principle; it rakes the energy from the multipath propagated signal components. This paper gives the review on implementation of MRC (Maximal Ratio Combining) for the seven fingers rake receiver. It gives the same information to receiver as transmitter, it eliminates the multipath fading and the time offset estimation to seven fingers of rake receiver. In the simulation results we observed that both the signals that is input and output signal resembles the same with the help of MRC

Evidential diversity increases generalisation in predictive learning

In property induction tasks, encountering a diverse range of instances (e.g., hippos and hamsters) with a given property usually increases our willingness to generalise that property to a novel instance, relative to non-diverse evidence (e.g., hippos and rhinos). Although generalisation in property induction and predictive learning tasks share conceptual similarities, it is unknown whether this diversity principle applies to generalisation of a predictive association. We tested this hypothesis in two predictive learning experiments using differential training where one category of stimuli (e.g., fruits) predicted an outcome and another category (e.g., vegetables) predicted no outcome. We compared generalisation between a Non-Diverse group who were presented with non-diverse evidence in both positive (predicted the outcome) and negative (predicted no outcome) categories, and two groups who received the same training as the Non-Diverse group but with a more diverse range of exemplars in the positive (Diverse+ group) or negative (Diverse– group) category. Diversity effects were found for both positive and negative categories, in that learning about a diverse range of exemplars increased generalisation of a predictive association to novel exemplars from that same category. The results suggest that diversity, a key principle describing how we reason inductively, also applies to generalisation in associative learning tasks.

CHALLENGES FOR THE UN AND OTHER ORGANISATIONS: THE ECONOMIC DIMENSION

The article aims to put on the table the ongoing works of the United Nations Organization (its economic dimension) and others like World Trade Organization (WTO) being focused in their current and future challenges to build an effective and useful Multilateral Trading System (MTS). Apart from achievements and reforms undertaken, further ones - based on another approach: considering the diversity principle - are proposed in order to reach equitable and fair trading negotiations outcomes in benefits of all members.