Hatenography: An Analysis of Hate Speech on Facebook in 2019 Indonesian Presidential Campaign

This article discusses hate speech on Facebook from two groups of supporters for the presidential candidates in the 2019 Presidential Election in Indonesia. The study used a virtual ethnography approach to analyze cultural groups or communities through their conversations on the Facebook platform. Data collection was conducted by observing and collecting words, phrases, and sentences in the Official Facebook account of two presidential candidates in the 2019 Presidential Election and statements of both presidential and vice-presidential candidates in 2019. In addition, researchers also observed three voluntary group accounts for each candidate. Therefore, the total number of accounts observed was eight. Data was analysed with Nvivo 12+ to obtain statistics on the strength of the chosen speech word and the dominant phrase or word that appears. The result shows that specific phrases or terms to intimidate each supporter of both parties in massive numbers appeared in the form of hate speech during the campaign. The purpose of the hate speech is to insult/humiliate, intimidate or accuse others of doing something inappropriate or evil (accusation which involves sarcasm and foul language directed to the opponent. Candidates also provoked each other by accusing the other party of being stupid, disgusting, pathetic, ugly, and retarded. The implication was that hate speech has disunited the public on the social media space. Accusing and attaching bad characters to other groups through hate speech has strengthened inter-group stereotypes and formed an unhealthy democratic climate. Keywords: Provocation, hate speech, verbal message, virtual ethnography, communication.

Investigating memory storage difficulties in Multiple Sclerosis

Μemory by itself as a function, loses its capabilities with a normal deterioration. However, there are acquired conditions that negatively affect the functions of memory, resulting in dysfunction of its stages. Thus possible damage to the structures of the hemisphere that controls these processes disrupts the comprehension, organization and categorization of the material to be memorized. Patients with damage to these systems will have difficulty remembering because they have not adequately coded the material. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis report short-term memory difficulties in the sense that they have difficulty remembering details of recent conversations and events. Aim: To investigate the memory storage difficulties in Multiple Sclerosis. Materials and Methods: An international literature review was performed on Memory Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis. Conclusion: In patients with Multiple Sclerosis learning deficits are greatly aided by processing speed and working memory. It has been observed that slow mental processing makes it difficult for many patients with Multiple Sclerosis to capture an entire verbal message, especially if it is large, complex, delivered quickly and with external stimuli, such as a noisy environment

WOMIDZ 'EVIL EYE' AS A PHENOMENON OF VERBAL MAGIC OF THE KOMI-ZYRYANS

Belief in the evil eye is among the rare universals of human culture, which still does not have a satisfactory explanation. The author proposes to focus on the traditional ideas of the Komi-Zyryans about the in the evil eye, which make it possible to assert their original verbal-magical character. The concept put forward by the author is based on the following definition is put forward by the author of the concept: “ Womidz is an unintentional, spontaneously induced verbal-magical effect with a negative result, due to the linguistic semantics of the word- womidz . The verbal component underlying the magical act can be expressed by direct speech or is associated with the verbalization by the addressee of unspoken thoughts and intentions of the addressere”. This provision is proved by the analysis of folk terminology and a wide range of phenomena characteristic of the notions of spoilage. According to the author's position, the verbal-magic act of vomidz can be presented in the form of a communicative model: addressere (sender of the word- womidz ) - verbal message (word- womidz ) - addressee (recipient of the message) and object of damage- womidz ; this object can be either the addressee himself or any object of vital importance to him, which is in the field of view.

Robots facilitate human language production

Despite recent developments in integrating autonomous and human-like robots into many aspects of everyday life, social interactions with robots are still a challenge. Here, we focus on a central tool for social interaction: verbal communication. We assess the extent to which humans co-represent (simulate and predict) a robot’s verbal actions. During a joint picture naming task, participants took turns in naming objects together with a social robot (Pepper, Softbank Robotics). Previous findings using this task with human partners revealed internal simulations on behalf of the partner down to the level of selecting words from the mental lexicon, reflected in partner-elicited inhibitory effects on subsequent naming. Here, with the robot, the partner-elicited inhibitory effects were not observed. Instead, naming was facilitated, as revealed by faster naming of word categories co-named with the robot. This facilitation suggests that robots, unlike humans, are not simulated down to the level of lexical selection. Instead, a robot’s speaking appears to be simulated at the initial level of language production where the meaning of the verbal message is generated, resulting in facilitated language production due to conceptual priming. We conclude that robots facilitate core conceptualization processes when humans transform thoughts to language during speaking.

INFORMATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THE ENGLISH POLYCODE DICTIONARY ENTRIES

The article is devoted to the study of the informational potential of the polycode dictionary entries in English learner’s lexicography. The communicative specificity of learner’s dictionaries consists in their targeting to a clear segment of the readership. These are non-native speakers of English, studying it as a foreign language and living outside the area of its functioning, and, therefore, outside the situational context. The features of users to whom learner’s dictionaries are addressed determine the content and presentation of lexicographic material, which is aimed primarily at expanding the vocabulary of the reader and, moreover, familiarizing him more closely with the culture of Englishspeaking society. The main task of a lexicographic article in an explanatory dictionary is to provide a certain amount of information necessary for the reader to adequately understand a particular word of interest. To solve this problem, compilers of dictionaries resort to using both typesetting and pictorial non-verbal communication means. A polycode lexicographic article is a combination of two definitions of the same sememe, which are made with signs of two different semiotic systems: symbolic (linguistic) and iconic (pictographic). The analysis of the informational potential of polycode articles in English learners’ dictionaries gives grounds to claim that the appearance of the pictographic component in any case optimizes the transmission and perception of information. In addition, the iconic message, as a rule, increases the amount of information conveyed by the verbal message (definition), firstly, by explaining the ontological characteristics of the structure, existence and functioning of the nominated referent in the world, and secondly, by creating clusters semantically and linguistically related lexical items. As a result, new quanta of information appear (absent in the definition) and the information itself is structured into some microsystems that permeate the macrosystem of the dictionary.

Verbal content analysis for the study of Verisimilitude (V1) in the System for Analysis of Validity in Evaluation (SAVE)

In the SAVE Metaprotocol (López, et al, 2018), Verisimilitude (V1) refers to that which has the appearance of truth, possibility of being believed, and with "absence of subjective incredibility". Corresponding to this section is everything related to the analysis of the content of the verbal message and which gives internal coherence to the subject's statement. This phase is obtained directly through the interview with the subject, which we record in order to be able to carry out the content analysis later. It can be using a criterial, structural, or linguistic analysis, or simply employing a study of the communicative pattern. Some examples of content analysis are Statement Validity Analysis (SVA) with its Criteria-Based Content Analysis or CBCA and its validity list. The CBCA is composed of 19 criteria used to assess the content of the statements and which to date has been admitted as court evidence in cases of possible child sexual offense. It is administered together with a validity checklist and its value as evidence depends on the scope of application (Köhnken, Manzanero & Scott 2015). The instrument called Reality Monitoring (RM), like the previous one is a tool used to assess the credibility of the testimony and that focuses on the semantic aspects that differentiate a true statement from a false or not very credible one (Raye & Johnson, 1980). Although in this aspect, we should not make the mistake of confusing credibility with veracity, since when assessing a testimony the truth as such does not exist, and depends on the functioning of our memory, which is not like a tape recorder and is not static, but is constantly exposed to changes and distortions. According to this model, the origin of our memories comes from two basic sources: External Memories, generated from the perception of real situations; and Internal Memories, the product of our imagination. The unconscious reasoning process that our mind follows to decide which information comes from an external source and which forms an internal one is called Reality Monitoring. Four qualitative attributes allow us to differentiate between these two types of memories:

Verbal-nonverbal Congruence or Veracity (V2) in the System for Analysis of Validity in Evaluation (SAVE)

In SAVE (López, et al, 2018) Veracity (V2) refers to the harmonic congruence (adequate synchrony, intensity, and relationship) between the verbal content, already studied in V1 and the nonverbal behavior that accompanies it. The concordance between the verbal message emitted and the non-verbal communication that derives from the cognitive and emotional processes of the subject is related to characteristics of honesty and sincerity in the speeches.

Memory Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis

Μemory by itself as a function, loses its capabilities with a normal deterioration. However, there are acquired conditions that negatively affect the functions of memory, resulting in dysfunction of its stages. Thus possible damage to the structures of the hemisphere that controls these processes disrupts the comprehension, organization and categorization of the material to be memorized. Patients with damage to these systems will have difficulty remembering because they have not adequately coded the material. Patients with Multiple Sclerosis report short-term memory difficulties in the sense that they have difficulty remembering details of recent conversations and events. Aim: To investigate the memory storage difficulties in Multiple Sclerosis. Materials and Methods: An international literature review was performed on Memory Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis. Conclusion: In patients with Multiple Sclerosis learning deficits are greatly aided by processing speed and working memory. It has been observed that slow mental processing makes it difficult for many patients with Multiple Sclerosis to capture an entire verbal message, especially if it is large, complex, delivered quickly and with external stimuli, such as a noisy environment.

Academic Conversation: A Case to Exemplify the Influence of Non-Verbal Communication on Human Interaction

The present study tried to highlight the influence non-verbal communication has on human interaction; academic conversation is specified to exemplify this construct for other spheres of life. It addresses whether teachers’ non-verbal communication has an influence on students’ performance, the students’ perception regarding the non-verbal communication in academics and their respective impact were explored. Literature reflects that non-verbal communication has a significant role in human interactions; it not only elaborates but certainly clarifies the verbal message. The present study was devised to get subjective perceptions of students on board for presenting behavioural upshots serving academics. The sample of 37 Pakistani students of Quaid-i-Azam University within an age range of 19 to 24 years (M= 22.8, SD=1.77) responded to semi-structured interviews and their opinions were recorded in the form of interview transcriptions. Conventional content analysis was used for the analysis of data and categories were adjusted under two broader themes; perceived strong predictors of performance and perceived hurdles for students learning. Almost all individuals responded that non-verbal communication of teacher can be more influential than words. Findings of the study have great implications for behavioural management of people; teacher-student and other human interactions.

Is It Worth Focusing on Product Details? How Consumers Use Abstract Product Information in Direct Response to Product Alternatives

This paper proposes a model showing how response self-relevance shapes the use of abstract product attributes in the consumer response (i.e., evaluation and choice) to a set of product alternatives perceived directly (i.e., with no accompanying verbal message). The related existing literature scarcely studied the above relationship, focusing instead on consumer response to a verbal message about a single product alternative. The model developed in this paper is examined in multi-stage research, including the main survey on product evaluation and choice, and a preliminary study, using Exploratory Factor Analysis to identify the structure of direct product perception. The results suggest that, for the high self-relevance response (i.e., choosing alternatives for own usage), consumers who process more analytically respond more consistently with the evaluation of abstract attributes. On the other hand, for the low self-relevance response (i.e., mere evaluation of product alternatives), consumers who process more analytically respond more consistently with the evaluation of attributes perceived as important. This paper extends the current views on the relationship between self-relevance and the use of abstract attributes into the domain of the consumer direct response to a set of product alternatives. The findings may support managers in allocating their focus on product attributes between the abstract ones and those perceived as important.