Reading runes with the sun. A geosemiotic analysis of the Rök runestone

In the field of runestone research, the importance of multimodal understanding has been downplayed although it is obvious that several semiotic resources interact when it comes to carving a stone and erecting it in the landscape. This study examines if it is possible to deal with the methodological challenges of a historical material and make a multimodal approach deepen our understanding of the Rök runestone, one of the most famous and enigmatic Viking Age runestones. The study applies Scollon and Scollon’s geosemiotic framework (2003). Through an investigation of how the visual semiotics interacts with place semiotics and interaction order, it turns out that the marked reading direction of the lines of the inscription symbolizes the movement of the sun, and that the change of font size in two lines probably mimics the change of solar brightness at sunrise and sunset. Further, it is suggested that the big crosses of cipher runes and the small crosses between some information units may represent the sun and stars, respectively. The conclusion is that the monument was risen for the enactment of a counsel of the gods with the aim of securing the rhythm of celestial light. Finally, implications for multimodal research are discussed.

Review on the ecophysiology of important Andean fruits: Solanaceae

The high Andean areas present ecophysiological conditions suitable for the cultivation of many fruit species, especially of the Solanaceae family. The objective of this review is to present important ecophysiological information on four fruit trees grown in cold climates: Cape gooseberry, tree tomato, lulo, and sweet cucumber o pear melon. The cape gooseberry is a species well adapted to cold tropical climate, it is grown between 1,800 and 2,700m a.s.l., with temperatures of 13 to 16°C. It is highly adapted to high solar radiation and to the abrupt changes between the day and night temperatures. It requires a precipitation of 1,000 to 1,800mm year-1 uniformly distributed throughout the year, and is sensitive to water deficit but also to waterlogging and strong winds. The tree tomato, in Colombia, produces better from 1,800 to 2,600m a.s.l., with temperatures between 13 and 20°C, annual rainfall between 1,500 and 2,000mm, relative humidity around 80%, and solar brightness of 1,800 to 2,300 hours/year; it does not resist strong winds, water deficit or waterlogging. The lulo requires environments with high precipitation (1,000 to 2,800mm) and penumbra because it loses a lot of water through transpiration but waterlogging also affects it; it grows well in areas between 1,600 to 2,400m a.s.l. and 16 to 24°C, with photosynthesis rates up to of 34.03µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The sweet cucumber is of growing interest in many exotic fruit markets, it grows at 900-2,800m a.s.l. with temperatures <25°C and responds well to air enrichment with CO2.

The Impact of Climate Change (some Element) on Field Crops in Baghdad Province

The study aimed to analyze the impact of climate change, which included elements {actual brightness, degrees of normal temperature and the maximum and minimum, wind speed, relative humidity, rainfall, evaporation} in the change of field crops and its implications in the province of Misaan, and the impact of those changes in the area and the yields and production of selected agricultural crops They {wheat, barley, rice, maize } has been relying in this study on the data of Two weather stations are (Misaan ,AL hay) for the period (1960-2014), it has been the general trend and the rate of change coefficient the annual rate of change during the duration of the study for an average of different climatic elements, showing the direction of the solar brightness in all stations downward direction different temperatures upward ranged Other elements between the rise and fall according to the stations on the impact of this rise and fall with the climate elements on an area and yields and production of field crops, which include each of wheat, barley, rice, maize.

Angström-Prescott empirical model to estimate solar radiation in Norte de Santander, Colombia

The document shows the application of the empirical Angström-Prescott model in different places in Norte de Santander, Colombia. The model estimates solar radiation from hours of sunlight, at a site where brightness and solar radiation are measured. The data were obtained from the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies, IDEAM; algorithms were developed in RStudio to process and analyze the information. The model establishes a linear relationship between solar radiation and the hours of sunlight, in a specific geographic location. Therefore, regression analyzes were performed for three different sites, using historical records of brightness and solar radiation, obtaining the R-squared coefficients of: 0.73, 0.78, and 0.42. The models were then extrapolated to nearby regions with solar brightness records, but without solar radiation data, to obtain an estimate of radiation at these locations. Finally, a database was created with monthly average information on solar radiation for various subregions of Norte de Santander, which can be used for the design and implementation of photovoltaic systems.

Power spectra of solar brightness variations at various inclinations

Context. Magnetic features on the surfaces of cool stars lead to variations in their brightness. Such variations on the surface of the Sun have been studied extensively. Recent planet-hunting space telescopes have made it possible to measure brightness variations in hundred thousands of other stars. The new data may undermine the validity of setting the sun as a typical example of a variable star. Putting solar variability into the stellar context suffers, however, from a bias resulting from solar observations being carried out from its near-equatorial plane, whereas stars are generally observed at all possible inclinations. Aims. We model solar brightness variations at timescales from days to years as they would be observed at different inclinations. In particular, we consider the effect of the inclination on the power spectrum of solar brightness variations. The variations are calculated in several passbands that are routinely used for stellar measurements. Methods. We employ the surface flux transport model to simulate the time-dependent spatial distribution of magnetic features on both the near and far sides of the Sun. This distribution is then used to calculate solar brightness variations following the Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstruction approach. Results. We have quantified the effect of the inclination on solar brightness variability at timescales down to a single day. Thus, our results allow for solar brightness records to be made directly comparable to those obtained by planet-hunting space telescopes. Furthermore, we decompose solar brightness variations into components originating from the solar rotation and from the evolution of magnetic features.

Solar Flares

A solar flare is a transient increase in solar brightness powered by the release of magnetic energy stored in the Sun’s corona. Flares are observed in all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. The released magnetic energy heats coronal plasma to temperatures exceeding ten million Kelvins, leading to a significant increase in solar brightness at X-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths. The Sun’s overall brightness is normally low at these wavelengths, and a flare can increase it by two or more an orders of magnitude. The size of a given flare is traditionally characterized by its peak brightness in a soft X-ray wavelength. Flares occur with frequency inversely related to this measure of size, with those of greatest size occuring less than once per year. Images and light curves from different parts of the spectrum from many different flares have led to an accepted model framework for explaining the typical solar flare. According to this model, a sheet of electric current (a current sheet) is first formed in the corona, perhaps by a coronal mass ejection. Magnetic reconnection at this current sheet allows stored magnetic energy to be converted into bulk flow energy, heat, radiation, and a population of non-thermal electrons and ions. Some of this energy is transmitted downward to cooler layers, which are then evaporated (or ablated) upward to fill the coronal with hot dense plasma. Much of the flares bright emission comes from this newly heated plasma. Theoretical models have been proposed to describe each step in this process.

Past Climate Sensitivity Not Always Key to the Future

New research suggests that changes in continental configuration, solar brightness, and background atmospheric carbon dioxide levels all conspire to drive Earth’s climate sensitivity over geologic time.

التغير المناخي واثره في المقنن المائي لمحصول العنب في محافظة ديالى

Climate change and its impact on water resources is the problem of the times. Therefore, this study is concerned with the subject of climate change and its impact on the water ration of the grape harvest in Diyala Governorate. The study was based on the data of the Khanaqin climate station for the period 1973-2017, (1986-2017) due to lack of data at governorate level. The general trend of the elements of the climate and its effect on the water formula was extracted. The equation of change was extracted for the duration of the study. The statistical analysis was also used between the elements of the climate (actual brightness, normal temperature, micro and maximum degrees Celsius, wind speed m / s, relative humidity% The results of the statistical analysis confirm that the water ration for the study area is based mainly on the X7 evaporation / netting variable, which is affected by a set of independent variables X1 Solar Brightness X4 X5 Extreme Temperature Wind Speed ​​3X Minimal Temperature and Very High Level .