Bromatological characterization of fruit waste

In Colombia, a high amount of fruit waste is currently generated. These causes a negative environmental impact due to its high organic load. However, this type of waste has compounds in its structure that can be used in order to reduce the environmental impact and to obtain added value. The main of this study was to characterize bromatologically sixteen residues of fruit processing in Colombia, in order to propose a possible use in the food industry. The bromatological characterization of the waste was carried out by means of the quantification of dry matter (ASTM E1756-08), ash (ASTM E1755-01), proteins (Kjeldahl method), crude fats (AOAC Official Method), total dietary fiber (AOAC 993.21) and carbohydrates. It was found that grape and soursop seeds, lulo peel and tree tomato stem presents the highest total dietary fiber with content percentages above 50 %. Also, tree tomato, soursop, tangerine and orange seeds are an important source of protein and crude fats, with values highest than 12 and 27 %, respectively. It was also found that pineapple, mango, soursop and grape peel have a carbohydrate content greater than 50%. As a conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that fruit waste have a potential use in the food industry, due to their protein, crude fat, total dietary fiber and carbohydrates content.

Determining conditions for best pollen quality of red-purple tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) germplasm

The germination and viability of pollen are characteristics required for fecundation when individuals of different or the same species are crossed. For this reason, assessing these parameters in selected individuals to be used in breeding programs will increase the chances for the obtainment of new progeny. In this study, pollen from different accessions of the red-purple tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) was used: local cultivar (Morado Puntón), two commercial varieties (Large Red and Oratia Red) and six segregants [(Solanum unilobum x Solanum betaceum) x Solanum betaceum]. Three types of flowers were taken (A-day of anthesis, B-one day after anthesis, and C-two days after anthesis). The pollen was conserved in two temperatures (4° and 22° C) and four storage times (0, 5, 10, 20 days). The percentage of germination and pollen viability of the selected individuals were evaluated. It was observed that the commercial materials showed higher germination percentages than the segregants in flower A and B at a temperature of 4 ° C at all storage times, except for the segregants GT7P47 and GT7P48 at the same temperature on day 0. In addition, high percentages of viability were obtained both in flowers A and B, at both temperatures and at all storage times. However, the immediate use of pollen after it is collected is recommended because better germination is achieved. This study is helpful to improve breeding procedures in the initial stages of directed crosses.

De novo Transcriptome Assembly and Comprehensive Annotation of Two Tree Tomato Cultivars (Solanum betaceum Cav.) with Different Fruit Color

The tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is an underutilized fruit crop native to the Andean region and phylogenetically related to the tomato and potato. Tree tomato fruits have a high amount of nutrients and bioactive compounds. However, so far there are no studies at the genome or transcriptome level for this species. We performed a de novo assembly and transcriptome annotation for purple-fruited (A21) and an orange-fruited (A23) accessions. A total of 174,252 (A21) and 194,417 (A23) transcripts were assembled with an average length of 851 and 849 bp. A total of 34,636 (A21) and 36,224 (A23) transcripts showed a significant similarity to known proteins. Among the annotated unigenes, 22,096 (A21) and 23,095 (A23) were assigned to the Gene Ontology (GO) term and 14,035 (A21) and 14,540 (A23) were found to have Clusters of Orthologous Group (COG) term classifications. Furthermore, 22,096 (A21) and 23,095 (A23) transcripts were assigned to 155 and 161 (A23) KEGG pathways. The carotenoid biosynthetic process GO terms were significantly enriched in the purple-fruited accession A21. Finally, 68,647 intraspecific single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) and almost 2 million interspecific SNVs were identified. The results of this study provide a wealth of genomic data for the genetic improvement of the tree tomato.

Comprehensive Time-Series Analysis of the Gene Expression Profile in a Susceptible Cultivar of Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum) During the Infection of Phytophthora betacei

Solanum betaceum is a tree from the Andean region bearing edible fruits, considered an exotic export. Although there has been renewed interest in its commercialization, sustainability, and disease management have been limiting factors. Phytophthora betacei is a recently described species that causes late blight in S. betaceum. There is no general study of the response of S. betaceum, particularly, in the changes in expression of pathogenesis-related genes. In this manuscript we present a comprehensive RNA-seq time-series study of the plant response to the infection of P. betacei. Following six time points of infection, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the defense by the plant were contextualized in a sequential manner. We documented 5,628 DEGs across all time-points. From 6 to 24 h post-inoculation, we highlighted DEGs involved in the recognition of the pathogen by the likely activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) genes. We also describe the possible effect of the pathogen effectors in the host during the effector-triggered response. Finally, we reveal genes related to the susceptible outcome of the interaction caused by the onset of necrotrophy and the sharp transcriptional changes as a response to the pathogen. This is the first report of the transcriptome of the tree tomato in response to the newly described pathogen P. betacei.

Review on the ecophysiology of important Andean fruits: Solanaceae

The high Andean areas present ecophysiological conditions suitable for the cultivation of many fruit species, especially of the Solanaceae family. The objective of this review is to present important ecophysiological information on four fruit trees grown in cold climates: Cape gooseberry, tree tomato, lulo, and sweet cucumber o pear melon. The cape gooseberry is a species well adapted to cold tropical climate, it is grown between 1,800 and 2,700m a.s.l., with temperatures of 13 to 16°C. It is highly adapted to high solar radiation and to the abrupt changes between the day and night temperatures. It requires a precipitation of 1,000 to 1,800mm year-1 uniformly distributed throughout the year, and is sensitive to water deficit but also to waterlogging and strong winds. The tree tomato, in Colombia, produces better from 1,800 to 2,600m a.s.l., with temperatures between 13 and 20°C, annual rainfall between 1,500 and 2,000mm, relative humidity around 80%, and solar brightness of 1,800 to 2,300 hours/year; it does not resist strong winds, water deficit or waterlogging. The lulo requires environments with high precipitation (1,000 to 2,800mm) and penumbra because it loses a lot of water through transpiration but waterlogging also affects it; it grows well in areas between 1,600 to 2,400m a.s.l. and 16 to 24°C, with photosynthesis rates up to of 34.03µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. The sweet cucumber is of growing interest in many exotic fruit markets, it grows at 900-2,800m a.s.l. with temperatures <25°C and responds well to air enrichment with CO2.

Prospective use of fruit byproducts in Colombia according to their antioxidant capacity

Currently, the use of agro-industrial waste represents a viable alternative for obtaining valuable compounds that, in the case of biorefineries, is an opportunity for improvement. In this context, the aim of our study was to determine the flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity of 30 byproducts from fruit processing in Colombia and propose possible applications. We analyzed the antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extracts from each byproduct using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the reducing power of antioxidant activity (RPAA) assays, as well as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test. We found that tree tomato peels and stem and peach peels had a high flavonoid content, with values greater than 8,271.82 ± 702.70 μg quercetin per gram of dry sample. We also found that mango (22,676.57 ± 759.71 μg TE1/g Sdb, 3,692.38 ± 92.67 μg GAE/g Sdb), soursop (22,117.13 ± 754.94 μg TE1/g Sdb, 4,858.79 ± 156.71 μg GAE/g Sdb, 14,713.39 ± 757.95 μg TE2/g Sdb), grape (17,027.85 ± 765.11 μg TE1/g Sdb, 13,395.15 ± 659.31 μg TE2/g Sdb), peach peels (17,910.21 ± 1,424.33 μg TE2/g Sdb) and seeds (4,316.46 ± 112.00 μg GAE/g Sdb, 20,093.32 ± 1,317.93 μg TE2/g Sdb), and grape stalk (3,552.26 ± 31.63 μg GAE/g Sdb) showed a high antioxidant capacity in the different tests performed. Our results demonstrate that fruit byproducts have potential use in the pharmaceutical, ood, and cosmetic industry due to heir flavonoids content and their high antioxidant capacity.

PacBio single molecule real-time sequencing-based full-length transcriptome of tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) and mining of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers

Background: Tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn.) is a neglected, fast-growing, promising small fruit crop which provides a rich source of nutrition for human consumption. However, the transcriptome atlas of this important species is still lacking.Results: In this study, RNA samples from a broad diversity of tissues (roots, leaves, stems, flowers and fruits) of tree tomato were sequenced using Pacific Biosciences’ long-read single-molecule real-time sequencing technology. A total of 308699 full-length non-chimeric sequences with a mean length of 1005 bp and an N50 length of 1974 bp were obtained from our multi-tissue normalized cDNA libraries. A total of 140327, 104294, 135138, 78300, 53520, 152310 and 53520 transcripts were functionally annotated using Nr, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, KOG, GO, Nt and Pfam databases, respectively. Gene structural characteristics of the full-length transcriptome of tree tomato was subsequently investigated, including the predication of coding sequence and the identification of transcription factor families, long non-coding RNA and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker. Thirty primers were randomly selected to evaluate the application of SSR markers, 23 of which obtained successfully amplification.Conclusions: This is the first confident characterization of FL transcriptome profiling of tree tomato. The large-scale and high-quality transcriptome atlas and SSR molecular markers provided in the present study will facilitate further genetic studies of this important species.

PERBANDINGAN FORMULASI EKSTRAK E PERBANDINGAN FORMULASI EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH TERONG BELANDA SEBAGAI PEWARNA PADA BLUSH ON DALAM BENTUK SEDIAAN COMPACT

Blush on is a cosmetic preparation for coloring the cheeks with an artistic touch so that it can increase the attractive impression in makeup (Nurhayati, 2016). Many blush-on preparations come from chemicals, which can cause spotty, black spots and can trigger skin cancer. One alternative that can be used is by making a blush on natural ingredients, namely Tree Tomato. The purpose of this study was to find out the Ethanol Extract of the Tree Tomato Fruit was made as a blush on coloring in compact preparations.The sample used in this study was Tree Tomato, red and had a soft texture taken from the cultivation of Tree tomato in the village of Brastagi, Karo District, North Sumatra Province. Making extracts is done by maceration and the process of making blush. After that evaluation of blush on preparation is carried out. Evaluation test results of blush on ethanol extract of tree tomato fruit include. The results of homogeneity tests are declared homogeneous, pH test averages 6.4, irritation test results stated not to irritate, the test results of the three formulations can be concluded that the three most preferred form of blush on panelists are formulations with a concentration of 15%, because they have a comfortable level of application, clear colors and very soft.Ethanol extract of Tree Tomato fruit can be made as a dye in compact preparations.