Plague, Pentecostalism, and Pastoral Guidance

Plagues and pandemics are nothing new for the Christian church. Throughout its history, believers have been forced to grapple with outbreaks, the latest being the COVID-19 crisis of 2020. As a relatively young branch of the Christian faith, Pentecostalism itself does not have a great deal of experience with this subject compared to many older traditions. In addition, with its emphasis on divine healing, a triumphalist attitude has unfortunately hindered some segments of the movement from developing a robust response to sickness and suffering at all. Martin Luther’s sixteenth-century response to the Black Death outbreak in Germany, however, might offer a prime example for contemporary Pentecostals to emulate. His pastoral wisdom, approach to suffering, and distinctive theology of the cross together compose a prudent yet ultimately optimistic take on how Christians should behave in such instances, making his voice an invaluable one for the contemporary church to learn from.

Jean-Louis Luche and the Interpretation of Sonochemical Reaction Mechanisms

Sonochemistry can be broadly defined as the science of chemical and physical transformations produced under the influence of sound. The use of sound energy is rather a young branch of chemistry and does not have the clear definitive rules of other, more established, divisions such as those in cycloaddition reactions or photochemistry. Nevertheless, there are a few guidelines which can help to predict what is going to happen when a reaction mixture is submitted to ultrasonic irradiation. Jean-Louis Luche, formulated some ideas of the mechanistic pathways involved in sonochemistry more than 30 years ago. He introduced the idea of “true” and “false” sonochemical reactions both of which are the result of acoustic cavitation. The difference was that the former involved a free radical component whereas only mechanical effects played a role the latter. The authors of this paper were scientific collaborators and friends of Jean-Louis Luche during those early years and had the chance to discuss and work with him on the mechanisms of sonochemistry. In this paper we will review the original rules (laws) as predicted by Jean-Louis Luche and how they have been further developed and extended in recent years.

A Phytopharmacological Review on a Medicinal Plant: Cordia africana Lam.

The use of phytoconstituents single or combined with standard medicines has been utilized in cure of different diseases. Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Cordia africana Lam. (family- Boraginaceae) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, 4 to 15 (30) m high, heavily branched with a spreading, umbrella-shaped or rounded crown. Bole typically curved or crooked. Bark grayish-brown to dark brown, smooth in young trees, but soon becoming rough and longitudinally fissured with age; young branch lets with sparse long. Uses of C. africana: firewood, timber (furniture, beehives, boxes, mortars, church, drums), food (fruit), medicine (bark, roots), fodder (leaves), bee forage, mulch, soil conservation, ornamental, shade. Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and protins having different activities were screened and isolated from different parts of Cordia africana. Various important Pharmacological properties including Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-nociceptive, and others have been well documented for this plant. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the various bioactivities of Cordia africana to improve our knowledge on plant phytochemicals as therapeutic entities. The present review describes the various phytoconstituents and therapeutic potential of Cordia africana that can be followed for future research on this plant for human health benefits.

Zu den Quellen der sprachwissenschaftlichen Terminologie im Deutschen mit Berücksichtigung des Polnischen und Russischen: Forschungsmethodologie und Begriffsbasis

Sources of linguistic terminology in German, Polish and Russian: Research methodology and terminological basis. The paper deals with selected aspects of the influence of foreign terminology and borrowings from everyday language as well as from other terminological systems on linguistics. Since linguistics is a relatively young branch of scientific research, it has been strongly and consequently influenced by other sciences and their terms throughout its development as an autonomous field of research. On the other hand, a specific feature of linguistics in comparison to other spheres of human knowledge is its mixed character, since it describes both universal and relative (language-specific) properties of language systems. For this reason, terms borrowed from Latin, Greek or other languages can never completely cover the phenomena found in German, Russian, Polish etc. Nevertheless, borrowed terms undoubtedly can adequately describe different properties of other languages, if we understand them exclusively as conventionalized etiquettes in which the internal transparency of their morphological form does not play a decisive part. Keywords: linguistic terminology, terminological borrowing, sources of linguistic terms O źródłach terminologii językoznawczej w językach niemieckim, polskim i rosyjskim: metodologia badawcza a baza pojęciowa. Streszczenie: W artykule rozpatrywane są wybrane aspekty wpływów terminologii języków obcych i zapożyczeń z języka potocznego oraz z innych systemów terminologicznych na językoznawstwo. Ponieważ lingwistyka jest stosunkowo młodą nauką, była ona na całej przestrzeni swego rozwoju jako autonomicznej dyscypliny naukowej pod stałym wpływem innych dziedzin nauki i ich terminologii. Z drugiej zaś strony cechą specyficzną językoznawstwa w porównaniu z innymi obszarami wiedzy ludzkiej jest jego mieszany charakter, bowiem zajmuje się ono deskrypcją tak uniwersalnych, jak i względnych (specyficznych dla każdego badanego języka) właściwości. Z tego powodu pojęcia zapożyczone z greki, łaciny lub innych języków nigdy nie odpowiadają całkowicie opisywanym za ich pomocą zjawiskom w języku niemieckim, polskim, rosyjskim lub innym. Niemniej jednak zapożyczone pojęcia niewątpliwie mogą odpowiednio opisywać odmienne zjawiska innych języków, o ile będą one traktowane wyłącznie jako skonwencjonalizowane etykiety, w których motywacja formy morfologicznej nie odgrywa decydującej roli. Słowa kluczowe: terminologia lingwistyczna, zapożyczenia terminologiczne, źródła pojęć językoznawczych.

Philosophy of psychiatry: quarter of a century in discussions

The papers presents the discussion field of a young branch of the philosophy of science the philosophy of psychiatry. As an interdisciplinary platform in the dialogue of sciences, schools and individual professionals, it unites psychiatrists and philosophers, psychologists and social workers in discussing on crucial issues. The paper analyses a multiple field of discussion of the philosophy of psychiatry, separating two stages of its brief development: the stage of institutionalization and fixing of problems (1995‒2005) and the stage of expansion (2005 present). Modern discussions are studied on the most important thematic blocks: (1)the methodology of human research; (2)the philosophical basis of psychiatric classification; (3)psychiatric ethics. The work presents the first complete and specialized review of discussions of the philosophy of psychiatry in Russian.

Socjologia dzieciństwa: dyskusja nad pozycją dziecka w socjologii

This article addresses the issue of constructing childhood sociologically. Classical sociology focused on the transformation of children into reliable adult social actors, namely on the process of socialization. In contrast, the sociology of childhood, as a relatively young branch of the discipline, is sensitive to the place of children in society. Therefore, the sociology of childhood explores the very idea of the child rather than treats the child as a being with a relatively determined trajectory. The article presents sociology’s conceptual base and its different approaches to the child. In particular, the central concepts of the childhood sociology are outlined and critically discussed.

Development of Rural Ecotourism on the Yurshinsky Island of Rybinsk Reservoir

Agroecotourism is a relatively young branch of tourist industry in our country, at the same time it has become very popular abroad. The article considers some problems related to the development of rural ecotourism on the Yurshinsky island of Rybinsk reservoir. Various landscapes can be seen on the Yurshinsky island, escaping flowage of the Rybinsk reservoir area, where unique samples of Russian nature have remained untouched. The territory of island makes 792 hectares, half of its land is occupied by woods, and now all island has a status of specially protected area. Moose breeding farm is recommended to be established as the object of rural ecotourism on the Yurshinsky island, as its operation allows the tourist season last all-year-round. Ecological conditions of the territory need to be assessed before the organization of a moose farm and other objects of agroecotourism. Therefore we selected several soil samples to perform chemical analysis as the soil represents the knot of interrelations in biosphere and a lack or surplus of both vital, and toxic chemical elements in the soil will lead to their lack or surplus in plants grown up on such soils and in animal organisms which eat the given plants.

Podstawowe zasady postępowań restrukturyzacyjnych

The restructuring law in force in Poland for two years is still a young branch of law, mainly based on bankruptcy law, which is referred to by the judiciary and doctrine. However, despite the many similarities that combine somehow the two legal acts, i.e. the restructuring law and the bankruptcy law, one should point to some differences already existing at the foundation of these legal acts, i.e. the principles on which they were based. These principles constituted the basis for legislative work, as well as now constitute the main interpretation of the restructuring law. The main purpose of restructuring proceedings is to preserve the debtor’s enterprise, which, as a consequence, generates a lot of positive effects, in this that it helps to achieve the second of the prime objectives of the proceeding, i.e. to satisfy the debtor’s creditors. Other important measures that are supposed to be a consequence of the application of regulations based on the principles described in this article are also those affecting the awareness and mentality of entrepreneurs, among whom there is still a widespread belief that filing for bankruptcy involves bankruptcy, the inability to recover their debts, which causes frequent lack of willingness to take active actions on the part of creditors. Restricting the restructuring law on the described principles is to provide multiple benefits – ensure the debtor’s further existence, satisfy the creditors and maintain stability in the economic market.

Unravelling the Past Using Elements and Isotopes

A new book explores chemostratigraphy, a fascinating and relatively young branch of geoscience, presenting the latest developments and applications.

Functioning of space objects in the Crimeantatar language

The subject of the analysis in the article are the words related to the names of space objects in the Crimean Tatar language. Cosmodome and astronomy are onomastic space, providing a unique layer of vocabulary of the Crimean Tatar language. Comanime ‒ name universe, the moon, the sun and other cosmic objects, research is called cosmania. Names of space objects are often found in the Crimean Tatar folklore, folk songs, poetry. The young branch of onomastics of the Crimean Tatar language is practically not studied. This article investigates and groups space objects, which are extracted by the method of continuous sampling from folklore samples, poetry of EshrefShemya-zade. The study of kosminkov and astronomov necessary, as they provide invaluable historical, cultural, ethnographic material.