The Effect of English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Optimism and Affectivity on Their Psychological Well-Being

Psychological well-being is considered a key component for the mental and physical health of individuals that is influenced by various attributive factors. Some of the important attributes that have a constructive and encouraging effect on the improvement and progress of good habits, positive thinking, behavior, and well-being of individuals like teachers are emotions. Educators’ emotions and emotive features have essential roles in educational circumstances as they affect nearly all facets of their occupation. Moreover, optimism as a new concept is changing from the inspection on positive psychology, social principle, and communal school possessions in education. The present review surveyed the role that affectivity and optimism have regarding the psychological well-being of EFL teachers. In brief, the implications for educators, school managers, teacher-trainers, and forthcoming researchers are provided.

SUBSIDIARY APPLICATION OF LEGAL NORMS: CIVIL STUDIES

Субсидиарное применение правовых норм является одной из технологий усмотренческой деятельности суда и других компетентных субъектов - наряду с конкретизацией норм и правоотношений, аналогией права и закона, разрешением коллизии и судебным правотворчеством. В отличие от аналогии, необходимость в которой возникает в связи с пробелом в законодательстве, означенный вид деятельности обусловлен системным характером связей между отраслями права и целесообразностью экономии нормативно-правового материала. В пространстве цивилистики взаимодействие трех отраслей (гражданского, семейного и трудового права) по линии субсидиарности осуществляется в основном с акцентом на использование гражданско-правовых конструкций для двух других цивилистических блоков. Это обусловлено как характером «генетических» связей между указанными тремя отраслями законодательства, так и ключевыми позициями гражданского права в цивилистической семье в настоящее время. Однако субсидиарное воздействие последнего существенно ограничивается онтологическими характеристиками семейных и трудовых отношений и присутствием в методах их правового регулирования ярко выраженной публичной компоненты, социального начала. Приводятся наиболее яркие образцы взаимного обогащения нормативным материалом на основе технологии субсидиарности - при очевидном доминировании предложений со стороны гражданского законодательства Subsidiary application of legal norms is one of the technologies of the judgmental activity of the court and other competent subjects - along with the specification of norms and legal relations, the analogy of law and law, conflict resolution and judicial lawmaking. In contrast to the analogy, the need for which arises in connection with a gap in legislation, this type of activity is due to the systemic nature of the links between branches of law and the expediency of saving regulatory material. In contrast to the analogy, the need for which arises in connection with a gap in legislation, this type of activity is due to the systemic nature of the links between branches of law and the expediency of saving regulatory material. In the space of civil law, the interaction of three branches (civil, family and labor law) along the line of subsidiarity is carried out mainly with an emphasis on the use of civil law structures for the other two civil law blocks. This is due to both the nature of the «genetic» links between these three branches of legislation, and the key positions of civil law in the civil law family at the present time. However, the subsidiary impact of the latter is significantly limited by the ontological characteristics of family and labor relations and the presence in the methods of their legal regulation of a pronounced public component, social principle. The most striking examples of mutual enrichment with normative material based on the technology of subsidiarity are given - with the obvious dominance of proposals from civil legislation.

U-21 Concept of Fundamental Human Rights in Western and Islamic Society

"Human Rights are legal and social principle the society of human being. The concept of human rights is old as the history of mankind. Infact rights and obligations are compulsory for the balance of society. These reciprocal responsibilities give the strength of society. The west has no concept of human rights before the seventeenth century. In the 20th century the western society made a declaration of human rights. But in Islam human rights granted by Almighty Allah. This article aimed for the above discussion."

AT THE SOURCES OF OWNERSHIP (Historical and Anthropological Study)

The advantage that the traditional cattle owner (at the beginning of the ХХ century) gave to watching his animals over money that «can only be hidden in a crate» allows us to reach the following conclusions regarding the archaic perception of ownership. 1) The fact that the original «object of possession» must always be in the field of view of his master, indicates the indivisibility of I, the lack of distinction between subject and object. There is a permanent coherent visual-communion relationship (visual field) between the conditional subject and the object, which is not desirable to disrupt, say, the killing of an animal (similarly, it is not desirable to leave the visible ancestral territory of a person). The continuity of this visual connection is an important sign of belonging to a particular society. 2) Since the vision (vision) does not yet constitute the ancient person as I (the subject), then the person seems to partake of the external visible picture of a particular kind of territory. To be a member of the lineage is to be sighted and, by virtue of sight, to partake of the flock, which is also native — «one’s own». 3) All «theirs» — people, animals, possessions — are united by common vision. In a special category are the socially significant things, which are most attracted the attention of the whole society, they seem to blend with the eyes of the collective. 4) Since social connection is first and foremost visual, and each genus-territory seems to have a «vision», due to the mutual gifting of such «things-eyes», probably a connection is established — a «common vision» between different genera-territories. Obviously, this was the true meaning of the archaic doormat of M. Moss and K. Levy-Strauss. 5) Blindness (a) deprives communion, b) equals whole-non-divisiveness (= no communion). 6) Obviously, the authorities are adjusting to the generic communion — vision — distribution (sociovitality). The lord, originally a stranger, establishes a social and visual connection with the subjugated population: he gives away gifts and is paid tribute. His «bright eyes» are considered «breadwinners» and potentially belong to society. 7) The death of the «light lord», who suddenly became dark-blind, contradicted the social principle of communion-visibility (sociovitality), and therefore required the immediate robbery and distribution of his fortune-eyes (obviously folk) — the breaking of the whole-blindness.

CONTEMPORARY URBAN HOUSING BASED ON SOCIAL PRINCIPLE

Изменение демографической картины мира, когда семья перестала быть доминирующей нормой, привело к новым формам объединения людей, основанным на общности интересов, возраста и статуса. Социальную значимость этим формам придает исчезающая естественная традиция добрососедства, разрушение социальных связей и, как следствие, ряд психологических проблем современного общества. Преодоление этого кризиса видится с помощью распространения таких коопераций, как Coworking - совместно работающие, Coliving - разделяющие место жительства, Cohousing - преднамеренно объединившие быт. Новые модели урбанизированного жилого пространства, организация которых выстраивается на принципах общинного (коммунального) сосуществования, порождают совершенно новые типы планировочных и объемно-пространственных решений городского жилища Changing of demographic picture of world when family ceased to be the dominant norm, led to new forms of people community based on common interests, age and status. Strong significance to these forms is given by disappearing the natural tradition of neighbourship, the destruction of social ties and as a consequence a number of psychological problems of urban society. This crisis be overcome using such cooperatives as Coworking - working together, Coliving - sharing places of residence, Cohousing - deliberately united life. New models of urban residential areas organization of which is built on the communal principles coexistence generate completely new types of masterplan and architecture of urban housing.

Revolutionary Hope in Dark Times: Zizek on Faith in the Future

In this article, I interpret Zizek’s recent call to “abandon hope” and embrace the “courage of hopelessness,” as a provocation to articulate a new kind of utopia, rather than an endorsement of despair. On Zizek’s analysis, progressive hopes are currently directed towards fixing the existing situation, rather than accepting that the things that we hope will not happen are, in fact, about to happen—unless individuals, at last, summon the political resolution to act decisively. In a context of the “privatisation of hope,” however, where social despair has already been weaponised by the alt-Right, it is crucial to grasp Zizek’s intervention not as the expression of a tragic existential attitude of resignation to disaster, but as an effort to articulate the formal coordinates of a radical alternative. I interpret Zizek’s commentary, in the context of his overall theory of ideology, as an effort to articulate the “hope of the hopeless,” involving a kind of faith (in the future) without belief (in miracles), which requires the formulation of a new social principle that does not rely on the deceptive promise of a guaranteed positive outcome.

The evolution of the cultural influence of classicism and baroque in the development of scientific knowledge in Russia: the problem of anthropologism and the development of science

In the work on historical and cultural material, an analysis is made of the change in the direction of the scientific paradigm from anthropocentric to socio-centric, which is most reflected in the period of the “New Time”, that is, the period in the history of mankind, between the “Middle Ages” and “Modern Times”, which had a significant influence on the evolution of scientific thought. The mutual relationship between culture and art is shown, as well as the step-by-step process of the formation of European science is examined, in which the influence of the state’s cultural policy on the worldview of the society, and the integrity of a science-oriented worldview are observed. Then science, reflected as a sociocultural phenomenon, has several aspects, such as the influence of culture and society on science, and vice versa, the influence of science on culture and society, which determines the direction of scientific interests, and the very approaches to understanding, comprehending the world. Realization of the development of science in the interests of the state with inevitability made it possible to imagine the main role of the social principle in the existence of man, which subsequently received a continuation in the nature of man. The man was cut off from nature and from the world and completely absorbed in the system of the social sphere, just as the individual was perceived only in the system of the state, whose general limitations were limited to his worldview.

The State – a necessity or an enemy?

This paper seeks to show the State in its historical and analytical approaches. In view of history, we find two principal solutions. In this text they are called metaphysical and contractual. The metaphysical solution is characteristic of the pre-modern era with its Aristotelian claim that we carry the social principle in our human nature; the principle is the spawning ground for the State. Now, the contractual, i.e. the modern, approach defines the State as a result of human negotiation. Historically speaking, there have been many proposals along the spectrum from an overgrown institution to its, much atrophied, form. The author proposes a modest approach to our understanding of the State: it is needed from the well-being of social community. The condition, however, of this well-being is that the State be limited, allowing much space for its society to grow and form indispensable interrelations.

The Significance of the Education (Scotland) Act, 1918

The Education (Scotland) Act of 1918 was the most influential piece of legislation governing Scottish education in the twentieth century, and the system which it established is still essentially in place today. Yet it is remembered now mostly because of one of its provisions – setting up a mechanism by which Catholic schools could transfer from the ownership of the Church to that of the locally elected Education Authorities. Significant though that arrangement was, its importance lies in its being an instance of the Act's wider framework of promoting the liberal universalism that became Scotland's guiding social principle in the ensuing century.