Dampak Kebijakan Tarif dan Non-tarif Negara-Negara Importir atas Ekspor Tuna Olahan Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the impact of the tariff and non-tariff policies implementation of the importing countries on the export performance of Indonesian processed tuna. A cross-sectional gravity model analysis was conducted to find out the impact of these policies on exports. The variables used include GDP per capita of the importing countries, population, economic distance, export prices, actual exchange rates, tariff policies, and non-tariff policies in the form of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT). The estimation shows that the variables of GDP per capita of the importing countries, population, exchange rates, export prices, and SPS give a positive and significant effect on the trade of Indonesian processed tuna commodities. On the other hand, economic distance and TBT policy give a negative and significant impact on the volume of this particular commodity. Meanwhile, the tariff policy implementation also give a negative effect on the export volume, but it is not significant. Keywords: cross sectional gravity, export performance, non-tariffs, tariffs

Breach of trust and repair: the impact of salespersons words and actions on buyer trust

Purpose Building on prior trust repair research, this study aims to develop a more robust theoretical framework that describes trust repair strategies used by salespeople following a breach of trust. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the aim of this paper, individual depth interviews with 18 professional salespeople, 4 sales executives and 7 purchasing agents were undertaken. Findings This paper examines the value of using trust repair strategies (e.g. restoration, regulation and verbal repair strategies) both in isolation and in conjunction. The results suggest that individual trust repair strategies operate through impacting different dimensions of justice, as justice provides a reliable indicator as to whether the salesperson can be trusted in the future. This paper also finds that combining multiple trust repair strategies can have an additive effect on trust. Originality/value This paper uses thematic analysis to inductively identify the effective trust repair strategies that are used by salespeople in actual exchange relationships while integrating these insights with the existing theoretical frameworks in the literature. It contributes to theory through creating a conceptual model explaining the breach of trust and trust repair process, introducing justice as a direct mediating mechanism between trust repair strategies and increased trust. The research also develops a new perspective on combining salesperson words and actions to repair trust. It also provides a managerial contribution through introducing an optimized approach to trust repair in buyer-seller relationships.

The Efficiency of Employment Relationship: Through Data Envelopment Analysis

Employment relationship (ER) is a social exchange relationship in nature with uncertainty and incongruence during the exchange process. Previous studies has been stuck on regression-based methods, examining and exploring related issue by studying the exchanges of both parties and even more stakeholders, but the nature of the exchange process itself is ignored. This study jumps out of the causality study represented by the regression analysis method, and uses the FCE that reflects the essence of object better and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of the exchange process, which can help enterprises to improve the evaluation of ER. DEA is used to evaluate the technical effectiveness of decision units (DMUs) with the same type of inputs and outputs. The result suggests that the phenomenon of inefficient exchange is still widespread. We make the importance ranking of selected inducement and find that labors in China attach importance to the correctness of management process rather than the additional benefits. For the first time, the quantitative efficiency value replaces the simple description “uncertainty” in research of the exchange process. Meanwhile, the framework independently measures the input of enterprises and the output of employees which has high adaptability. It can adjust, modify and accurately evaluate the exchange efficiency of two parties according to the actual exchange situation.

Model kursu walutowego PLN/EUR. Aplikacja modelu Tobit-CVAR

Although there are numerous theoretical frameworks and statistical tools, while modelling exchange rates researchers usually focus on one of the factors that shape the actual exchange rate. In this chapter, we present a model that allows us to consider non-stationary variables. Apart from this, we are also able to examine separately the impact of fundamental macroeconomic factors and market factors on exchange rates. For exchange rate PLN/EUR, our results support economic hypotheses.

FLEKSIBILITAS NILAI TUKAR DAN PENYESUAIAN TRANSAKSI BERJALAN DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS THRESHOLD VAR

Estimation study about the relationship between exchange rate flexibility and current account adjustment has been through three stages, the first stage was analysis of correlation among exchange rates variability (proxied by REER and NEER) and exchange rate regimes classification. The second step was estimating the relationship that the former was mentioned with VAR as benchmark model. The third step was applying the nonlinear estimation with Threshold VAR. The results of analysis showed that exchange rate regime classification may not capture actual exchange rate variability and flexibility exchange rate can accelerate current account adjustment in Indonesia if the changes of Indonesia exchange rate less than 27.7059 (low regime) whereas in high regime exchange rate is persistent increasing so that the system between exchange rate and current account become unstable. Bank Indonesia as monetary authorities must keep the changes of exchange rate less than 27.7059, due to exchange rate can affect current account adjustment, so can anticipate if there is current account deficit in Indonesia economy. Keywords : Exchange Rate Flexibility, Current Account Adjustment, Exchange Rate Regime, Classification, Threshold VAR

FLEKSIBILITAS NILAI TUKAR DAN PENYESUAIAN TRANSAKSI BERJALAN DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS THRESHOLD VAR

Estimation study about the relationship between exchange rate flexibility and current account adjustment has been through three stages, the first stage was analysis of correlation among exchange rates variability (proxied by REER and NEER) and exchange rate regimes classification. The second step was estimating the relationship that the former was mentioned with VAR as benchmark model. The third step was applying the nonlinear estimation with Threshold VAR. The results of analysis showed that exchange rate regime classification may not capture actual exchange rate variability and flexibility exchange rate can accelerate current account adjustment in Indonesia if the changes of Indonesia exchange rate less than 27.7059 (low regime) whereas in high regime exchange rate is persistent increasing so that the system between exchange rate and current account become unstable. Bank Indonesia as monetary authorities must keep the changes of exchange rate less than 27.7059, due to exchange rate can affect current account adjustment, so can anticipate if there is current account deficit in Indonesia economy. Keywords : Exchange Rate Flexibility, Current Account Adjustment, Exchange Rate Regime, Classification, Threshold VAR

SoK: Making Sense of Censorship Resistance Systems

An increasing number of countries implement Internet censorship at different scales and for a variety of reasons. Several censorship resistance systems (CRSs) have emerged to help bypass such blocks. The diversity of the censor’s attack landscape has led to an arms race, leading to a dramatic speed of evolution of CRSs. The inherent complexity of CRSs and the breadth of work in this area makes it hard to contextualize the censor’s capabilities and censorship resistance strategies. To address these challenges, we conducted a comprehensive survey of CRSs-deployed tools as well as those discussed in academic literature-to systematize censorship resistance systems by their threat model and corresponding defenses. To this end, we first sketch a comprehensive attack model to set out the censor’s capabilities, coupled with discussion on the scope of censorship, and the dynamics that influence the censor’s decision. Next, we present an evaluation framework to systematize censorship resistance systems by their security, privacy, performance and deployability properties, and show how these systems map to the attack model. We do this for each of the functional phases that we identify for censorship resistance systems: communication establishment, which involves distribution and retrieval of information necessary for a client to join the censorship resistance system; and conversation, where actual exchange of information takes place. Our evaluation leads us to identify gaps in the literature, question the assumptions at play, and explore possible mitigations.

The Residence Time of the Water in Lake MAGGIORE. Through an Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach

This chapter describes a study designed to evaluate the spectrum of the residence time of the water at different depths of a deep lake, and to examine the mechanisms governing the seasonal cycle of thermal stratification and destratification, with the ultimate aim of assessing the actual exchange time of the lake water. The study was performed on Lake Maggiore (depth 370m) using a multidimensional mathematical model and computer codes for the heat and mass transfer in very large natural water bodies. A 3D Eulerian time-dependent CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code was applied under real conditions, taking into account the effects of the monthly mean values of the mass flow rates and temperatures of all the tributaries, mass flow rate of the Ticino effluent and meteorological, hydrological, and limnological parameters available from the rich data-base of the CNR-ISE (Pallanza). The velocity distributions from these simulations were used to compute the paths of a large number of massless markers with different initial positions and evaluate their residence times in the lake.

Exchange Agreements between Japanese and Foreign Institutions

A great deal of research has been done on the benefits of, and problems associated with, students studying abroad, particularly those who participate on school and university-sponsored programs, but this research has been based on the premise that there is a system in place that allows the students to study at another institute connected to their home institution. Usually, such an exchange is achieved through an exchange agreement with a foreign university. There has been less discussion of the actual exchange agreements. The author reviews what these agreements are and the benefits of establishing them before explaining the processes of and difficulties encountered when working to finalize one with a department at an American university. 学生の海外研修、特に学校や大学主催のプログラムに参加する学生の利点や問題について多くの研究が行われている。しかし、これらの研究は、学生が他の教育機関で学ぶことが出来る交換システムが既にあることが前提になっている。多くの場合、このようなシステムは、海外の大学との交換協定に基づき実施可能となる。しかしながら、この論文の焦点である、実際の交換協定自体に関しては、これまで殆ど論じられていない。筆者はこの交換協定を締結するよさを論じると共に、米国の大学某学部との最終的な締結に至るまでの過程と問題点についても論じる。

Short-Run Deviations From Purchasing Power Parity (PPP): A Case Of Expectational Changes

The theory of purchasing power parity was originally designed by Gustav Cassel in 1918 to make the simplified guess of two currencies exchange rate levels. The theory had a simple but convincing argument that the exchange rates tend to gravitate toward the ratio of purchasing powers of two currencies. However, the actual exchange rates can deviate from these expected values of purchasing power ratios. Recognizing the difference between nominal and real exchange rates, economic theoreticians have tried to comprise these deviations from the actual exchange rates and those expected to by the PPP theory. In this paper we hypothesize another explanation for deviations of exchange rates form those values that are expected by the PPP theory. When tested for the selected currencies, our explanation is suitable enough to maintain that the expected PPP for the U.S. and Canadian dollar rates and the U.S. dollar and German mark rate.