Proposals for copyright law and education during the COVID-19 pandemic

This article asks whether the catastrophic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic justifies new limitations or interventions in copyright law so that UK educational institutions can continue to serve the needs of their students. It describes the existing copyright landscape and suggests ways in which institutions can rely on exceptions in the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA), including fair dealing and the exemption for lending by educational establishments. It then considers the viability of other solutions. It argues that issues caused by the pandemic would not enliven a public interest defence to copyright infringement (to the extent this still exists in UK law) but may be relevant to remedies. It also argues that compulsory licensing, while permissible under international copyright law, would not be a desirable intervention, but that legislative expansion to the existing exceptions, in order to encourage voluntary collective licensing, has a number of attractions. It concludes by observing that the pandemic highlights issues with the prevailing model for academic publishing and asks whether COVID may encourage universities to embrace in-house and open access publishing more swiftly and for an even greater body of material.

EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON TOURISM INDUSTRY OF BANGLADESH: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

The tourism industry is one of the fastest-growing service industries in Bangladesh. This industry observed consistent economic growth for the last five years and contributed significantly to the GDP of Bangladesh. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic impacted the tourism industry notedly. This paper aims to explore the impact on the tourism industry of Bangladesh, considering the economic and environmental aspects. The study found a catastrophic impact on the tourism industry's economic growth, which also affects the country’s total GDP growth. The tourism industry is expected to contribute 1309.27 billion Taka, which would be 3.20% of the total GDP of Bangladesh, but the actual contribution is 539.60 billion Taka which is 1.70% of total GDP. The pandemic also negatively affected employment opportunities, tourists’ arrival rate, hotel occupancy rate, and total tourism expenditures. On the other hand, despite some negative issues, Covid-19 impacted positively on the natural environment. The air quality improved, water pollution, noise pollution, consumption of natural resources, emission of greenhouse gas reduced notably. Considering the positive impacts on the environment, this study also formulated some possible recovery strategies to regain the economic losses through sustainable tourism development.

Covid-19 Pandemic Through Climate Governance?

Climate change has been the ‘wicked problem’ the world has struggled to address so far. Further, the Covid-19 pandemic has deeply affected the soft underbelly of global governance by redrawing boundaries and fissures in the existing system. The pandemic is possibly the single biggest event in the post-Second World War period or in the last seventy years to shape and affect human emotion, response and survival instincts. The world has seen catastrophic changes and huge loss of life. There are multiple parallels and differences between the two of the most significant challenges faced by the humanity. Even though climate scientists were harping on the catastrophic impact of climate change for the last four decades, at the broader human consciousness level, the severity of the problem has never sunk into the common psyche. Covid-19 is a vivid example as to how a pathogen-led pandemic can torment and pervade the all-powerful and the highest evolved species on the earth, that is, the mankind. In this backdrop, climate governance and an ideal-type governance typology is being looked at to provide some key insights and possible answers for the future. The concern has been looked through at two levels: personal at the behavioural level and collective at the global-scale levels. Future prescriptions rooted in the current realities have been explored to find a way out of the crisis and the key learning points from the pandemic to face the future with more confidence and certainty.

Exclusivity in Times of a Public Necessity: Balance of Interests in South Asia’s Compulsory Licensing Regime

The catastrophic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on every facet of human life has made the requirement of a pharmaceutical breakthrough in the form of a vaccine more urgent than ever. The urgency has led to a hundred plus researches being underway, with tremendous amounts of capital and intellect invested. The vaccine being an invention, invites patent regulations and the rights of the patent holder associated with the invention. However, given the urgency of the situation, countries need to ensure hassle free access to the vaccine. Here, Compulsory Licensing regulations would play an important role. Beginning with a historical background of Compulsory Licensing under TRIPS, the authors analyse its subsequent amendment keeping in view the right of countries to give primacy to public health over intellectual property protection. The authors then highlight the diverse legislative positions of Compulsory Licensing in South Asia through the lens of the TRIPS position. The authors also comment upon Patent Pools, a comparatively new concept in the area of public health which is gaining spotlight. Further emphasis has been laid on keeping administrative impediments minimal with regards to the working of the intellectual property. This is important since firstly, the majority of the attempts underway are a collaborative innovation involving multiple stakeholders and secondly, multiple patent applications could be filed for different parts of a single invention leading to complexities while licensing. Finally, suggestions have been given as to how the patent regulations could be worked so as to maintain a balance between the rights of the patent holder and public health.

COVID-19

The recent pandemic named COVID-19 has led to a worldwide panic as a consequence of its deadly nature. This pandemic has a catastrophic impact on the hospitality area, one of the world’s largest sectors that changed the employment opportunity of relevant people. The research investigates the impact of COVID 19 on the hotel industry, more precisely, on luxury hotels both in the global and Bangladesh perspectives. Furthermore, the research also examined the business recovery possibilities with the sustainability of this hotel industry in a dramatically changed world of post-COVID-19. Secondary research methodology as well as content analysis are used here to compile various information from published sources. In conclusion, this study will help to take precautions and apropos plan to recuperate any unavoidable circumstances in the future.

SCAFFY

Denial of service (DoS) attack is one of the common threats to the availability of critical infrastructure and services. As more and more services are online enabled, the attack on the availability of these services may have a catastrophic impact on our day-to-day lives. Unlike the traditional volumetric DoS, the slow DoS attacks use legitimate connections with lesser bandwidth. Hence, it is difficult to detect slow DoS by monitoring bandwidth usage and traffic volume. In this paper, a novel machine learning model called ‘SCAFFY' to classify slow DoS on HTTP traffic using flow level parameters is explained. SCAFFY uses a multistage approach for the feature section and classification. Comparison of the classification performance of decision tree, random forest, XGBoost, and KNN algorithms are carried out using the flow parameters derived from the CICIDS2017 and SUEE datasets. A comparison of the result obtained from SCAFFY with two recent works available in the literature shows that the SCAFFY model outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in classification accuracy.

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF MONETARY MEASURES TAKEN BY STATE BANK OF PAKISTAN TO CATER THE CATACLYSMIC IMPACT OF COVID -19 ON THE ECONOMY OF PAKISTAN

COVID-19 has posed an unprecedented challenge to the economies of the World. Besides safeguarding sustainable financing for health, Governments were struggling to ensure the economic and financial sustainability of their countries. The role of the central banks was critical in this regard and they were under severe pressure to save the economy from the catastrophic impact of Covid-19. Using their mandate, the central banks across the countries took monetary measures to avoid the economic meltdown. This paper discusses the measures taken by the State Bank of Pakistan to save the economy from the adverse effect of COVID-19. The analysis shows that the steps taken by the central bank of Pakistan were pertinent and lead to stabilizing the dwindling economic situation. Decreasing policy rate, injecting liquidity in the economy, granting loans contributed towards steadiness of households and the business community. Jobs protection scheme was particularly savior for the daily wages who lost their jobs due to pandemic. Further relaxing credit requirements for exporters and importers keep intact the supply chain for necessary items. The findings of the study are specific to Pakistan however the same can be generalized as the steps taken by the Central bank of Pakistan are widely applicable.

Coronavirus Impact On Online Purchases Behavior in Japan

The COVID-19 outbreak has impacted almost every aspect of people’s lives in Japan. With the ageing society that more vulnerable to the disease that needs most people to stay home, the Japanese have been adapting to both the outbreak and the regulations. The declaration of a state of emergency since April makes the businesses and stores deemed non-essential to limit their operations. To limit places where people could gather, all schools, institutes of higher learning, and houses of worship were ordered to be closed during the period. Japanese have been spending more time online and have shown more willingness to purchase items online now. Changes in behavior such as needing to work from home or exploring new hobbies while staying at home also present new opportunities for eCommerce. COVID-19 is having a catastrophic impact on many non-essential products in Japan. With the environment being so different to pre-COVID time, COVID-19 has impacted the Japanese eCommerce industry in some ways. COVID-19 pandemic creates a new environment for the Japanese shopping and spending behavior that needs to be discussed further.

The Strength of the Industry during the Coronavirus Pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic has had a catastrophic impact on the hospitality and tourism industry, but academic organizations and industry leaders have come up with innovative ways to assist others during this crisis. Universities, hotels, and convention centers have had unique resources utilized to ease issues realted to the pandemic, such as providing accommodations for health care professionals not able to return home or to provide free educational opportunities for newly laid off employees.