Structural reconstruction of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses in patients with polypous rhinosinusitis according to cytological and histological studies

Aim: to study the morphological patterns of polypous tissue according to cytology and histology. Pateints and methods: 78 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of polypoid rhinosinusitis (PRS) were selected for the study, including 50 men and 28 women aged 25 to 74 years. The material for cytology was scraped from the surface of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus (PNS) polyps, as well as touch smears from the cut surface of removed polyps, and the material for histology was pieces of removed polypous tissue. Results: in the course of the study, the following comparative analysis of the obtained results was made: a) with polyps with a fibrous component in touch smears, there are expressed signs of chronic inflammation along with signs of respiratory epithelial cells proliferation; b) edematous and myxoid polyps are commonly combined with an allergic condition; c) analysis of cytomorphological signs of the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and PNS in PRS indicates a structural alteration of the mucous membrane in this disease. The epithelial proliferation is associated with the activation of stroma components — fibroblasts and leukocytes. At the light-optical level, the characteristics of compensatory and adaptive changes that contribute to the morphofunctional cell unity preservation of the mucous membrane that counteract the pathological process are revealed. Conclusions: according to the method of sampling material for cytology, the most informative are touch smears from the cut surface of the removed polyp, which help to identify more morphological patterns of the polypous tissue. The analysis of cytomorphological features of the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and PNS in PRS indicates the remodeling of the mucous membrane in this disease. The epithelial proliferation is associated with the activation of stroma components — fibroblasts and leukocytes. At the light-optical level, the characteristics of compensatory and adaptive changes that contribute to the morphofunctional cell unity preservation of the mucous membrane that counteract the pathological process are revealed. The obtained results will help to understand the mechanisms of structural and functional alteration in the nasal mucosa and PNS in PRS. KEYWORDS: polypoid rhinosinusitis, cytology, histology, paranasal sinuses, smears, fibroblasts, eosinophils, leukocytes, respiratory epithelium. FOR CITATION: Zakharova N.M., Shabalova I.P., Egorov V.I. et al. Structural reconstruction of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses in patients with polypous rhinosinusitis according to cytological and histological studies. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(7): 479–485 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-7-479-485.

Fiber-optic gyroscope with a phase information signal

A review of the methods of obtaining and processing the VOG signal is carried out. A gyroscope with the formation of a phase information signal in an interference loop (at the optical level) is proposed. The analysis of digital phase difference meters is carried out. The advantages of a gyroscope with a phase information signal and digital signal processing are the linearity of the scale factor, an increase in the dynamic range and a reduction in the influence of external factors on the measurement result.

In-SEM Fault Isolation Using Voltage Contrast, EBIC/EBAC and Resistive Contrast Imaging

With the ever shrinking semiconductor device features coupled with the increasing circuit density, optical level fault localization techniques such as Photon Emission Microscopy (PEM), Laser Signal Injection Microscopy (LSIM) and Thermal Hotspot Localization (THS) can only get you so far due to these limitations: magnification, spot size and drop in detection sensitive at higher magnification. Using a 100x objective can put you in the ball park. Test data such as ATE & ATPG can point you to a specific block of circuitry but still far from defect localization. With in-SEM fault isolation and localization techniques such as Voltage Contrast (VC), Electron Beam Induced/Absorb Current (EBIC/EBAC) and Resistive Contrast Imaging (RCI), the nano-scale defect can be further localized due to the advantage of the magnification and spot size. This paper offers the combined techniques of optical level fault localization (PEM, LSIM & THS) and in- SEM or E-beam techniques (VC, EBAC, RCI) to successfully perform fault localization when challenged with the above scenarios.

Cyanide in salt bath Applied to ASTM A-517 Steel: Effects on Hardness, Wear and Microstructure

The effects of the cyanide treatment (CN) in a salt bath at elevated temperatures on the hardness; adhesive and abrasive wear; of ASTM A-517 steel, were investigated. For abrasive wear, 1” x 3” x 5/16" samples were prepared according to ASTM G-65 standard. For adhesive wear, specimens wit ring-shaped: φ ext. = 40 mm, φ int = 20 mm and 10 mm thick, according to ASTM G -77. The CN treatment was carried out, at high temperatures: 800 – 850 – 900 – 950 °C, immersing the samples in a salt bath: 6% NaCN + 80% BaCl2 + 14% NaCl before entering the muffle furnace, with soaking time of 3 hr. Hardness tests were performed on a Rockwell Durometer taking measurements on the HRC scale. The adhesive wear tests were carried out on a parallel lathe coupling the Amsler device, following the ASTM G-77 standard. The abrasive wear tests were performed according to the ASTM G65 standard. Microscopy was done at the optical level. A maximum hardness of 63.5 HRC was found in all samples, representing an increase of 11.3% with respect to the state of supply (T&R). In abrasive wear, its value increased to 66%, compared to supply samples. The most suitable microstructure is presented by cyanide samples at 850ºC, with a layer of compounds (hard layer) formed by: massive cementite; tempered martensite and carbide. It is concluded that when applying cyanide to ASTM A-517 steel, the hardness and wear properties are increased to optimal values, if the cyanide treatment (CN) is carried out at 850 °C.

PECULIARITIES OF MORPHOGENESIS OF CHANGES IN THE PERIODONTIUM AT EXPERIMENTAL ACTION OF OPIOID DURING TWO WEEKS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT FOUR WEEKS CANCELLATION AND CORRECTION

The aim of the study was to examine the periodontal tissues of white rats under two weeks of opioid exposure, after its abolition and drug correction for four weeks at the optical level. After two weeks of experimental action of the opioid analgesic and its subsequent four-week withdrawal, pronounced irreversible changes in the structural components of the periodontium of animals were not detected, however, and their complete recovery was not observed. The proposed drug correction with pentoxifylline and ceftriaxone with opioid withdrawal after two weeks of its administration, led to the restoration of microcirculation and trophic tissues of periodontal tissues of rats, their morphological organization was approaching normal.

COMPLEX MORPHOLOGICAL (CYTOLOGICAL, HISTOLOGICAL) DIAGNOSTICS OF DESMOID FIBROMA ASSOCIATED WITH A BREAST IMPLANT (CASE REPORT FROM PRACTICE)

A rare clinical observation of desmoid fibroma associated with a breast implant is presented. When making a morphological (cytological, histological) diagnosis at the light-optical level before surgery, a differential morphological diagnosis was performed between cicatricial changes, the stromal component of the phyloid tumor and desmoid fibroma. Only immunohistochemistry allowed us to establish a diagnosis of desmoid fibroma, since tumor cells expressed diffusely SMA, focally desmin, and most importantly, ß-catenin expression was observed in some cells.

Atypical clinical picture of waldenström’s macroglobulinemia: a difficult path to diagnosis

Objective. To describe the difficulties of diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia in a patient with atypical clinical picture.Materials and methods. Patient K., 57 years old, came in outpatient department with complaints of unilateral increase in submandibular lymph nodes on the right, discomfort in the nasopharynx, cough without sputum, increased fatigue. During the examination she was consulted by: an infectious disease specialist, otolaryngologist, surgeon, dentist, phthisiologist, hematologist and oncologist consulted her. To confirm the diagnosis conducted diagnostic activities: dynamic assessment of laboratory parameters, examination program cancer search (including multislice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of various areas), with the exception of tuberculosis, monogenically study proteins in the blood and urine tests, biopsy of the ileum, immunohistochemistry trepanobiopsy.Results. During the 4‑year examination in the patient’s blood, an M-gradient in the gamma zone was detected, monoclonal immunoglobulin М-κ 19.3 g / l, Bens-Jones-κ protein in urine (daily proteinuria 0.45 g) was detected during immunofixation. In the myelogram at the light-optical level, the number of cell elements was significantly reduced with a pronounced lymphoid proliferation of 40 %, the granulocytic series and erythropoiesis were relatively narrowed, and plasma cells 6 %. Immunomorphological picture trepanobiopsy our patient based on the data of laboratory methods of research corresponds to the defeat of the bone marrow in Waldenström’s disease-κ, secretion of M-paraprotein. An important feature that allowed to go on the right path of diagnosis was almost pathognomonic for tumor lymphoproliferation, detection of Bens-Jones protein in the urine, which was absent in the onset of the disease.Conclusion. This clinical case is interesting not only by the complexity of the diagnosis of macroglobulinemia of Waldenström in General, but also by the atypical, erased clinical disease in our patient.

The crosslinking effect of photorefractive ablation with riboflavin evaluated with transmission electron microscopy

Трансмиссионная электронная микроскопия является одним из ключевых маркёров при рассмотрении патогенеза коллагенового кросслинкинга. Цель работы: оценить эффект кросслинкинга при фоторефракционной кератоабляции с рибофлавином по данным трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии. Материал и методы. Экспериментальное исследование было выполнено in vivo на 16 глазах 16 кроликов породы Шиншилла, с массой тела от 2,5 до 3,5кг, в возрасте от 1 до 1,5 лет. Животные были разделены на контрольную и опытную группы по 8 животных на каждый из способов проведения трансэпителиальной фоторефракционной кератоэктомии (ТрансФРК), без и с предварительным насыщением стромы 0,25% изотоническим раствором рибофлавина. На светооптическом уровне исследовали эпителий, наружные и глубокие слои стромы в проекции оперативного вмешательства. По данным трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии оценивали волокна и пучки коллагена, и их концентрацию на единицу площади, а также клеточный компонент стромы роговицы в проекции оперативного вмешательства. Результаты. На светооптическом уровне роговица кролика по завершению эпителизации сохраняла нормальную морфологию плоского многослойного неороговевающего эпителия, с практически полным восстановлением стратификации слоев. В случае образцов после абляции с предварительным насыщением стромы раствором рибофлавина наблюдались единичные вакуоли в клетках базального слоя и появление псевдомногорядности. Комплексной морфологической оценкой установлено, что роговицы из экспериментальной группы (с предварительным насыщением стромы рибофлавином) были подвержены изменениям соответствующим крослинкингу стромы с формированием стабильных поперечных сшивок коллагеновых волокон. В роговицах контрольной группы без насыщения стромы рибофлавином морфологически выявлено полное восстановление структуры после лазерного воздействия без признаков кросслинкинга стромы. Заключение. После проведения эксимерлазерной абляции с рибофлавином обнаруженные при трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии стабильные сшивки в коллагеновых структурах стромы роговицы подтверждают наличие эффекта крослинкинга при таком способе фоторефракционной кератоэктомии. Transmission electron microscopy is one of the key methods in studying the pathogenesis of collagen crosslinking. Aim. To evaluate the effect of crosslinking induced by photorefractive ablation of the cornea with riboflavin using transmission electron microscopy. Material and methods. This experimental in vivo study was performed on 16 eyes of 16 Chinchilla rabbits weighing from 2.5 to 3.5 kg, aged from 1 to 1.5 years. Animals were divided into control and experimental groups, including 8 animals for each of the transepithelial photorefractive keratoectomy (TransFRK) methods, with and without prior saturation of the stroma with a 0.25% isotonic riboflavin solution., The epithelium and outer and deep layers of the stroma were studied in the projection of surgery at the light-optical level. Based on data of the transmission electron microscopy, collagen fibers and bundles, and their concentration per unit area, and the cellular component of corneal stroma were evaluated. Results. The rabbit cornea studied at the light-optical level upon completion of epithelialization maintained a normal morphology of the flat multi-layered non-squamous epithelium with almost complete recovery of the layer stratification. In post-ablation samples with the prior saturation of stroma with riboflavin solution, isolated vacuoles were observed in cells of the basal layer along with emergence of pseudostratified epithelium. According to results of the complex morphological evaluation, corneas of the experimental group (with riboflavin pre-saturation of the stroma) showed changes corresponding to the stroma crosslinking with formation of stable cross-links of collagen fibers. In the cornea of the control group (without riboflavin saturation of the stroma), the stromal structure completely recovered after the laser treatment without any signs of stromal crosslinking. Conclusion. As detected by transmission electron microscopy, the stable cross-links in collagen structures of the corneal stroma induced by excimer laser ablation with riboflavin confirm the presence of the crosslinking effect in using the given method of the photorefractive keratoectomy.