A Functional Dissection of the mRNA and Locally Synthesized Protein Population in Neuronal Dendrites and Axons

Neurons are characterized by a complex morphology that enables the generation of subcellular compartments with unique biochemical and biophysical properties, such as dendrites, axons, and synapses. To sustain these different compartments and carry a wide array of elaborate operations, neurons express a diverse repertoire of gene products. Extensive regulation at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels allows for the differentiation of subcellular compartments as well as numerous forms of plasticity in response to variable stimuli. Among the multiple mechanisms that control cellular functions, mRNA translation is manipulated by neurons to regulate where and when a protein emerges. Interestingly, transcriptomic and translatomic profiles of both dendrites and axons have revealed that the mRNA population only partially predicts the local protein population and that this relation significantly varies between different gene groups. Here, we describe the space that local translation occupies within the large molecular and regulatory complexity of neurons, in contrast to other modes of regulation. We then discuss the specialized organization of mRNAs within different neuronal compartments, as revealed by profiles of the local transcriptome. Finally, we discuss the features and functional implications of both locally correlated—and anticorrelated—mRNA-protein relations both under baseline conditions and during synaptic plasticity. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The functional features of agro-industrial clusters within their structural transformation

The article explores the particularities of agriculture industry cluster activities. The cooperative action between groups of industries requires specific approaches to solving actual problems. Thus, this report has a strong focus on organizational, economic, and legal challenges encountered in cluster development process. The article also provides insight into meeting industry standards, technical regulations, and other statutory instruments. The report analyzes the authorities and responsibilities of a specialized organization in cluster activity.

Supporting Israel by Withholding Support from International Organizations: UNRWA and UNESCO in Trump’s Foreign Policy.

This paper analyses the steps undertaken by the Trump Administration against UNESCO and UNRWA,the former being a specialized organization, and the latter a specialized agency of the United Nations system, in order to pressure the Palestinian representatives to reach a final peace agreement with Israel that would go against the basic national aspirations of the Palestinian people and the international law. The article aims to highlight the consequences of this new political approach and how it directly affects the relationship between Palestinians and Israel.

DEVELOPMENT EXTENSION SERVICE TO MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF BUFFALO BREEDERS IN IRAQ

The aim of this research is to development the effectiveness of extension service to meeting the requirements of buffalo breeders in Iraq. The research was concluded in four fields: the first field: Development and adopting an appropriate orientation. It included four axes: Diversifying sources of extension services, comprehensiveness, decentralization, modernization of the work method. Second Field: Organizational Development. It included two axes: strengthening specialized organization (formation of specialized guidance units), capacity development. Third Field: Service Feasibility Development. It includes five axes: service based on the requirements of breeders and the characteristics of their projects, the quality of the content of the service, the use of modern means of communication, appropriate allocations, follow-up, evaluation, and continuous improvement. Four Field: Provide an appropriate external environment. It includes three axes: an enabling environment. The Implementation of a national program for developing buffalo in Iraq.

Features of the Audit of Fixed Assets, Stocks and Administrative Expenses of the Organization — Participant in Competitive Procurement

Th e article is devoted to the issues of refl ection in accounting and tax accounting of the remuneration of a specialized organization that is part of the Group of Companies, which provides for all other companies in this group to organize and conduct competitive purchases of material values and services of third-party organizations for them, which, according to the management of the Group, should be included in the value of acquired tangible assets and services of third parties, despite the signifi cant time gap between the recognition of the amount of remuneration and taking into account purchased material values and services of third parties.

On the issue of the administrative and legal methodology used by the Kingdom of Spain to counter the nationalist and separatist aspirations of the Basque country

Introduction. The article is devoted to the instruments used by the Spanish Kingdom in administrative and legal spheres to counter nationalist and separatist aspirations of the Basque Country throughout different historic periods. Special attention is paid to the confrontation with the Basque terrorist organization ETA. In addition, the research analyzes what caused ETA to emerge, underscores the major stages of its evolution, and discusses cross-border aspects of bilateral cooperation between Spain and France under the aegis of the supra-national specialized organization of Europol. The administrative and legal instruments used by Spain are distinguished in context of the analysis of the prospects for the applying of modern political and legal toolkit in the regional policy that is often contrary to the interests of the modern centralized state. The research pays attention to the administrative measures that led to ETA crisis and its further collapse.Material and methods. The paper uses the methodology of a retrospective analysis and content-analysis to characterize the shifts in the principles of Spanish administrative and territorial tools and their influence on the nature of the Basque nationalism. The Constitution of 1977 and the Statute of autonomy of the Basque Country are considered.Results. The paper sums up all the major shifts in the Spanish practice in the usage of administrative and political measures to combat the Basque separatist aspirations, evaluates their efficiency and outlines current obstacles towards the way of the establishment of a new bilateral dialogue with Madrid.Conclusion. The first part of this article points out the growth of nationalist and separatist aspirations in the Basque Country and shows how political systems (absolute monarchy, republic, authoritarian governance, constitutional monarchy) lead to the application of new administrative and legal instruments that affect the Basque nationalist aspirations. The second part focuses on the current state of relations between the region and the central government.

Mesophasic organization of GABAA receptors in hippocampal inhibitory synapse

Information processing in the brain depends on synaptic transmission and plasticity, which in turn require specialized organization of neurotransmitter receptors and scaffolding proteins within the postsynaptic density (PSD). However, how these molecules are organized in situ remains largely elusive, limiting our mechanistic understanding of synaptic formation and functions. Here, we have developed template-free classification of over-sampled sub-tomograms to analyze cryo-electron tomograms of hippocampal synapses, enabling us to identify type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) in inhibitory synapses and determine its in situ structure at 19 Å resolution. We found that these receptors are organized hierarchically: from GABAAR super-complexes with a fixed 11-nm inter-receptor distance but variable relative angles, through semi-ordered two-dimensional receptor networks with reduced Voronoi entropy, to mesophasic assembly with a sharp phase boundary. This assembly aligns with condensates of postsynaptic scaffolding proteins and putative presynaptic vesicle release sites. Such mesophasic self-organization may allow synapses to achieve a “Goldilocks” state with a delicate balance between stability and flexibility, enabling both reliability and plasticity in information processing.

Mechanisms of sensation

“Mechanisms of sensation” is the second chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and describes general features of sensory cells, including types of sensory membrane, the specialized organization of membrane and protein within sensory cells, membrane renewal, external specializations of sense cells, mechanisms of stimulus detection, primary and secondary receptor cells, and receptor sensitivity and noise. These general features of sensory cells are illustrated by specific examples taken from a wide variety of organisms, from scallop and crayfish to Drosophila and vertebrates including mammals. The chapter concludes with a description of sex pheromone detection in the male moth, which achieves the physical limit of sensitivity of the receptor to a single molecule of attractant.

Quantitative Cytogenetics Reveals Molecular Stoichiometry and Longitudinal Organization of Meiotic Chromosome Axes and Loops

ABSTRACTDuring meiosis, chromosomes adopt a specialized organization involving assembly of a cohesin-based axis along their lengths, with DNA loops emanating from this axis. We applied novel, quantitative and widely applicable cytogenetic strategies to elucidate the molecular bases of this organization using C. elegans. Analyses of WT chromosomes and de novo circular mini-chromosomes revealed that meiosis-specific HORMA-domain proteins assemble into cohorts in defined numbers and co-organize the axis together with two functionally-distinct cohesin complexes (REC-8 and COH-3/4) in defined stoichiometry. We further found that REC-8 cohesins, which load during S phase and mediate sister chromatid cohesion, usually occur as individual complexes, supporting a model wherein sister cohesion is mediated locally by a single cohesin ring. REC-8 complexes are interspersed in an alternating pattern with cohorts of axis-organizing COH-3/4 complexes (averaging three per cohort), which are insufficient to confer cohesion but can bind to individual chromatids, suggesting a mechanism to enable formation of asymmetric sister chromatid loops. Indeed, immuno-FISH assays demonstrate frequent asymmetry in genomic content between the loops formed on sister chromatids. We discuss how features of chromosome axis/loop architecture inferred from our data can help to explain enigmatic, yet essential, aspects of the meiotic program.