Simulation analysis of the impact of container wagon pin configuration on the train loading time in the intermodal terminal

The article presents the issues of a container train loading at the land intermodal terminal. This issue was considered from the point of view of the distance covered by the loading devices and the duration of loading works, which was influenced by the arrangement of containers on the storage yard and the configuration of pins on the wagons. The conducted research was dictated by the small number of publications on loading an intermodal train, especially from the point of view of pin configuration on wagons. The vast majority of the literature is devoted in this field to marine intermodal terminals, which operating characteristics are different from inland terminals. The importance of this problem resulting from the growing turnover of containers transported by rail transport was also pointed out. The systematic increase of this type of transport and the depletion of the intermodal services' operating capability makes it necessary to improve the train loading process. For the purposes of the research, the issues of containers of various sizes loading onto wagons planning with various pin configurations were presented. A literature review was carried out in the field of train loading methods and strategies. A mathematical model was developed for the decision situation under consideration. The equations defining the most important elements of the considered problem were presented in the general form. This model was implemented in the FlexSim simulation environment. The constructed simulation model was used to develop 12 variants of the approach to an intermodal train loading. The train loading tests were performed both for the random arrangement of containers on the storage yard and for the random arrangement of pins on the wagons. The obtained results made it possible to determine how the knowledge of the arrangement of pins on the wagons influences the planning of train loading and increases the efficiency of loading devices.

Variables affecting complication rates in type III paediatric supracondylar humerus fractures

Purpose Unstable supracondylar humerus (SCH) fractures may have different outcomes as a result of direction of displacement and pin configuration. This study evaluates the impact of fracture displacement, pin configuration and fellowship training on clinical and radiographic outcomes in unstable fractures. Methods A total of 99 patients with completely displaced type III fractures were identified at an academic centre and a local community hospital. Patient characteristics and the fellowship training of the treating surgeon were recorded, and injury films documented the direction of displacement. Pin configuration, coronal and sagittal alignment were recorded from postoperative radiographs and at healing. Radiographic outcomes including coronal, sagittal and rotational malunion as well as clinical complications were analyzed. Results Fractures with direct posterior displacement had a lower composite malunion rate compared with those with posterolateral (PL) or posteromedial (PM) displacement (6.9%, 36.4%, 29.2% respectively; p = 0.019). PM displacement had a higher rate of coronal malunion compared with PL (18.2% versus 0%; post hoc p = 0.024). All-lateral constructs resulted in more rotational malunions (20.9% versus 1.8%; p = 0.002) compared with crossed pinning. PL fractures treated with all-lateral fixation showed a trend toward increased rotational instability or malunion (23.8% versus 1.3%; p = 0.073). Higher composite complication rates were noted in patients treated by surgeons with non-paediatric, non-trauma fellowship training. Conclusion For displaced SCH fractures, all-lateral fixation is associated with higher rates of rotational instability and malunion. Posteromedially and posterolaterally displaced fractures have higher rates of malunion compared with fractures with straight posterior displacement. Fellowship training other than paediatric or trauma was associated with increased complications. Level of Evidence Level III

Numerical Modeling of Pulse-Periodic Nanosecond Discharges

The first results of the numerical simulation of the Pulse-Periodic Nanosecond discharge in pin-to-pin configuration in 2Dt approximation of the full self-consist system of Navier-Stocks equation for real thermo-chemically non-equilibrium gases, drift-diffusion approximation of the low temperature plasma evolution in external electric and magnetic field and, alternative – arc (spark) discharge model of high-density energy input discharge. The intuitive criteria of the alternative discharge models re-switch are proposed and tested. The pin-to-pin the pulse-periodic nanosecond 5-MHz discharge has been considered for 1 microsecond interval. It was found that rather strong longitudinal non-uniformities of main physical parameters are created at the first corona stage of the interelectrode conducting channel. These nonuniformities reveal long-lived features that have define strong effect on the discharge performance

Biomechanical Analysis of Sagittal Plane Pin Placement Configurations for Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures

Anterior to posterior (AP) pinning is the recommended sagittal pin configuration in divergent lateral entry coronal pinning of pediatrics supracondylar fractures. However, there was still a lack of evidence regarding alternative sagittal pins configurations. We aimed to compare the construct stiffness of alternative sagittal pin configurations by using synthetic bone models. Sixty synthetic pediatric humeri were osteotomized to create a supracondylar fracture. After the fracture reduction, all specimens were fixed in the coronal plane with divergent lateral entry pin configurations in four different patterns in the sagittal plane: AP, crossed, divergent and parallel sagittal pin configuration. Each configuration was tested with five loading patterns. The AP sagittal pin had significantly lower construct stiffness than the divergent (p = 0.003) and the parallel sagittal pin configuration (p = 0.005) in external rotation loading tests. The divergent sagittal pin had the highest construct stiffness in extension, valgus, and external rotation loads, but the parallel sagittal pin had lower construct stiffness under extension load than the divergent and crossed sagittal pin configurations. The divergent sagittal pin configuration provides greater construct stiffness than other sagittal pin configurations due to the maximal pin spreading distance at the fracture site and the pin angle lock mechanism.

Model of indicator of linearization of user interfaces of automated workplaces of operational units of emergency services

Introduction. The article presents a model of one of the possible indicators of the quality of user interfaces (PIN) of automated workplaces of operational units of emergency and emergency rescue services (EiASS), namely, the linearization indicator that takes into account the psychophysiological features of human perception of visual information. Goals and objectives. Reducing the response time of the operational units of the EiASS by reducing the time of their dispatching. Development of a mathematical model and an algorithm for calculating the linearization indicator of PIN elements (EPIN), which allows estimating the dispatch time depending on their relative location on the monitor. Methods. Methods of set theory and relational algebra were used to construct a PIN model and an algorithm for calculating the linearization index. To describe the PIN configuration, the concepts of an archipelago and a frame of interface elements are introduced. Results and discussion. The success of the EiASS actions largely depends on the dispatch time, during which the required number of units is determined and sent. Therefore, the time spent on solving dispatching tasks is one of the most common and objective indicators of the quality of the PIN. The best of the investigated automated workplaces will be the one with the specified time less. However, the time indicator gives an idea only about the relative time - the time of operation of one automated workplace relative to another. And it does not give any idea of the absolute time that would be spent on solving the problem by some abstract automated workplace with an optimal EPIN configuration. For this reason, an indicator that is sensitive to the PIN configuration has been developed. The indicator gives an answer to the question of why one automated workplace is better than another, and can be used to optimize the layout of the PIN. Conclusions. Based on the proposed model, an algorithm for calculating the numerical values of the linearization indicator of user interface elements sensitive to their size and relative position on the monitor of the EiASS operator is developed. This allows you to optimize the user interface according to the criterion of time for solving tasks and, accordingly, reduce the dispatching time of the operational units of the EiASS. Keywords: operational units, user interface, quality, linearization indicator, navigation, sets, archipelago, frame

Modul Elektronika Berbasis Mikrokontroler sebagai Sistem Pengaman pada Mobil Terintegrasi dengan Engine Immobilizer

An electronic module based on the ATmega32 microcontroller as a security system for cars that integrated into the engine immobilizer has been created. Three main things in this study, namely programming and verification tests, making an initial security system with a minimalist structure, and validation tests. Programming for the microcontroller system through algorithm determination and syntax writing, while the verification test is done through uploading the program syntax to the Proteus application and implementing the simulation. Determining the algorithms and writing the syntax through a number of steps, namely pin configuration, variable declarations, constant declarations, initialization, main programs, retrieve and send data, and output. The simulation assisted by the Proteus application is in the form of giving two kinds of commands/inputs to the sensor, namely one input data in the form of human existence or human motion to the passive infrared receiver sensor and one input of human fingerprint initialization data to the fingerprint sensor. The simulation results according to the order of the fingerprint sensor and passive infrared receiver in the form of a display on the Virtual Terminal. The minimalist structure of the system is composed of circuit diagrams, physical forms, and integrated wiring on the ATmega32 microcontroller system. The performance of the security system is shown, that the results of monitoring when the sensor is given input "human existence (motion)", the fingerprint sensor blinks (on) and when the fingerprint sensor blinks which means ready to receive input data in the form of "Human Initialization (fingerprint)" for activating actuators and starter system on the car. Giving input commands to the sensor passive infrared receiver and fingerprint has functioned for the appointment of performance, that the initial security system has been integrated with the main security systemand attached to the car.