Business-Government Relations in the EU

This monograph charts and assesses business lobbying in Brussels, taking into consideration its nuances. Indeed, a number of disciplines, theories, and methodological approaches grapple with this subject. The EU is one of the largest trading blocs and lobbying environments in the world. It is also a unique socio-political arena, in constant flux over the last fifty years. Business has not been idle; expanding its reach outside of the national domain, since the 1970s it has developed a spectacular advocacy toolbox, particularly in Europe and the US. Government affairs offices in Brussels today hardly resemble those forty years ago in quality or quantity. The relationship, is multi-layered, multi-level, multi-actor, and cuts across a series of institutional, thematic, legal, social, and governmental networks. With this in mind, this monograph draws on two different disciplines that act as a theoretical prism: political science, and business and management studies. The former helps make sense of the demand side of the equation, the role of government in shaping business activity. The latter provides the supply side, the company’s inner workings and its strategic choice to mobilize and lobby the EU. We employ three analytic perspectives: (i) macro; (ii) meso; (iii) micro. Bringing together different perspectives to business-government affairs in the EU, we aim to provide a rounded theoretical understanding of the relationship, a rich set of conceptual tools for its examination, and a detailed empirical mapping.

Imagining the future: Social struggles, the post-national domain and major contemporary social transformations

The question this article seeks to answer is what are the major social transformations going on in contemporary society that will shape the future? The argument is that the analysis of the future requires a clearer perspective on social struggles and major social transformations in societal structures including structures of consciousness. The future is thus both actuality and possibility; it is of the present but also beckons beyond the present. Or, in the terms of Koselleck (2004 [1976/1979]), it opens up the space of expectations beyond the horizons of the present. The radical uncertainty of the future has opened it up to imaginary significations of all kinds. Yet many such projections of the future lack a normative orientation and also do not provide a satisfactory connection with actuality, namely the world as it exists. This is to the detriment of a perspective on possibility. The future is created in moments of transformation when radically new interpretations of the present take root. The article discusses the fate of the post-national domain in the context of societal struggles in which new visions of the future are created and which play out in three major social transformations of the present. The argument in this article places more emphasis on a normative conception of a cosmopolitan future that identifies links between the social and the ecological as well as widening the notion of justice to include a broader sphere of issues than those that have traditionally been the concern of the left.

Recent Development in International Treaties Relating to Aviation: New Standardization of International Air Law

Globalization is identified with the development of treaties into national domain law. Initially, such treaties did not appear as legal regulations but as standard/harmonized-setting for member states. Since the establishment of Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 1944, treaties on aviation keep developing well both on the aviation operational technique and economic aspect. Those treaties nowadays have turned into the source of international aviation law. Treaty has been one of the bases of domestic law for almost nations in the world. As a result, the global requirements need to be adjusted into national law of states. States are bound both legally and politically to verdicts of International organizations. The process of regulation and decision making in International organizations should be based on democratic procedures of member states either in the construction of final draft or in negotiation and arrangement of regulation or resolution drafts. Specifically, this article discusses recent development of international treaties relating to aviation from both operational and economic aspects. Following Assembly 39th Session, ICAO, member states of ICAO, including Indonesia, made several multilateral agreements. The ratification of International treaties should consider the effects on legal, political, and security aspects. For Indonesia, one of the aspects that should never be neglected is strategic airspace, both geographically and geopolitically.

CROATIAN LITERARY CRITICS AND TRANSLATORS, AUTHORS OF ITALIAN ARTICLES IN THE JOURNAL STVARANJE (1946–1991)

On the pages of the journal Stvaranje, one of the most important messengers of culture in Montenegro and Yugoslavia after the Second World War, the Italian literary and cultural reality left a unique mark, to which, as authors of numerous Italian articles, Croatian literary critics and translators made an exceptional contribution. This specific permeation is due, among other things, to the vicinity of one Adriatic coast to another, which resulted in a strong intercultural exchange, especially in those parts of the former Yugoslavia, besides Montenegro and Slovenia, it was the case with Croatia, which is geographically, historically and commercially very close to Italy. Considering this, detecting the presence and treatment of Italian contributions signed by Croatian cultural representatives contributes to the reconstruction and revaluation of literary life in this area in the post-war period, illuminating not so known part of Yugoslav cultural history. From the total of 25 articles prepared by Croatian literary critics and translators in the journal Stvaranje during the specified period, which were part of a interpretive, demonstrative or receptive review of the current Italian literary and cultural scene, is not read one-way interest in Italian literature, language and art in the narrowest, national domain but also the search for the most diverse segments of Italian culture in the Yugoslav area.

DE LA GUERRA DEL CHACO A LA DICTADURA STRONISTA. ASCENSO DEL ACTOR MILITAR EN LA POLÍTICA Y EL DISCURSO NACIONALISTA DEL PARAGUAY

Este artículo analiza la Guerra del Chaco, conflicto bélico que enfrentó al Paraguay contra Bolivia entre 1932 y 1935, como momento clave de inflexión en el proceso de constitución política del Paraguay y de consolidación del discurso nacionalista paraguayo. Sostenemos que la guerra del Chaco operó como contrapunto histórico de la abrumadora derrota sufrida por el país durante la guerra de la Triple Alianza (1864-1870), lo que tuvo como efecto inmediato la expansión efectiva del dominio nacional sobre gran parte del territorio chaqueño, de la mano del poder militar. De este modo, la guerra del Chaco contribuyó a configurar una arquitectura política e ideológica que completó la tarea iniciada tras el final de la primera guerra perdida, consolidando el discurso identitario nacionalista y la presencia del actor militar en la escena nacional. ABSTRACT This article analyzes the Chaco War, which faced Paraguay and Bolivia between 1932 and 1935, as a key moment in the process of political constitution of Paraguay and the consolidation of Paraguayan nationalist discourse. We argue that the Chaco War operated as a historical counterpoint of the overwhelming defeat suffered by the country during the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870), which had the immediate effect of an effective expansion of the national domain over much of the Chaco territory, with the help of military power. Thus, the Chaco War contributed to shape a political and ideological architecture that completed the task begun after the end of the first lost war, consolidating nationalist identity discourse and the presence of military actor on the national scene.

Occupying the Marketplace

This chapter analyzes the economically crucial and conceptually volatile debates over public space in the marketplace. It traces how the king’s public domain became national domain and how this transformation affected the ways that citizens pursued particular interests in les Halles. During the Old Regime, the king had issued an edict that permitted some especially indigent Dames to secure market spots before other retailers. He had also granted one company the privilege of renting shelters to these qualified Dames before others. However, when the private company attempted to renew its royal contract during the Revolution, clashes arose over the right to and regulation of public domain. During the disputes, the Dames who were not advantaged by the king’s edict seized new practices of citizenship to claim shelters and trading places. They harnessed revolutionary discourses to mark the earth as national property, attack monopoly-holders as privileged leeches, and secure economic exemptions based on their work’s public utility. As they justified their personal profits on public space, the Dames staked out their place in the body politic.

Comparative analysis of the public and national domain: civil and legal aspect

We analyze the concepts of public and national domain. We pay special attention to determining the public domain place in the system of intellectual property. We formulate the main approaches to the results of human intellectual work in order to determine the relevance of works of science, literature, art to the public domain. We study the tools for identifying objects of the national domain in the public domain. It is proved that a proprietary approach to intellectual property right fits into the concept of national domain. We define an exception – the identification of the creator’s right to a specific intellectual result should be slightly limited in time or should not occur at all. We note that the concept of national domain took a lot from the proprietary concept, while it does not apply to individuals, but applies to the whole people. We substantiate the position that the proprietary approach can be applied in the national domain theory only to the extent that it does not limit the title of a nation (people) in relation to certain objects of intellectual right. We identify weaknesses and strengths of intellectual prop-erty norms implementation in other branches of legislation, as well as civil and legal relations. At the same time, we pay special attention to the national domain institution, taking into account its comparative characteristics with the public domain and the results of the intellectual work of the most talented members of society.

“Los forjadores de hombres”: Disputas por el control de las escuelas y el espacio público en comunidades mineras mexicanas, 1917-1978.

El proyecto educativo de los gobiernos posrevolucionarios tuvo especial importancia en el proceso de consolidación del nuevo Estado y en establecimiento de una alianza con los trabajadores de la minería, a fin de disputar el control de esta industria a las grandes empresas trasnacionales. La Constitución mexicana de 1917 eliminó la concepción liberal de las leyes y restableció el principio de dominio y propiedad de la nación sobre los bienes del subsuelo. Pero el Estado mexicano tuvo que emprender una larga lucha para disputar a las empresas extranjeras el control sobre aspectos económicos, laborales, tributarios y sociales de la minería. El propósito de este trabajo es mostrar esta relación conflictiva en el marco de las comunidades mineras como ámbito de disputas por el control de las escuelas y el espacio público.Palabras clave: Proyecto de enclave, proyecto nacionalista posrevolucionario, comunidades mineras. ResumoO projeto educativo dos governos posrevolucionairos tiveram especial importancia no proceso de consolidação do novo Estado e no estabelecimento de uma aliança com os trabalhadores da mineiração, a fim de disputar o controle desta industria às grandes empresas transnacionais. AConstituição mexicana de 1917 eliminou a concepção liberal das leis e restabeleceu o principio de dominio e propriedade da nação sobre os bens do subsolo. Mas o Estado mexicano teve que emprender uma longa luta para disputar com as empresas estrangeiras o controle sobre aspectos económicos, laboráis, tributarios e sociais da mineiração. O propósito deste trabalho é mostrar esta relação confitiva no marco das comunidades mineiras no âmbito de disputas pelo controle das escolas e o espaço público.Palavras-chave: Projeto de “enclave”, projeto nacionalista posrevolucionario, comunidades mineiras. AbstractThe Education Project of the Post-revolutionary Government was especially important in the consolidation of the new State. Using the education project, the Government established an alliance with the mining workers to fight for the control that the great transnational companies wanted. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 eliminated the concept of liberal laws, and re-established the principle of national domain and property of the subsoil goods and chattels. The Mexican State had to fight a long battle to dispute the control of economic, work, social, and tributary aspects of mining, with foreign companies. The purpose of this paper was to present the conflictive relationship between the Government and the transnational companies. The mining communities were the realm of dispute over control of schools and public spaces.Key Words: “Enclave” Project, National Post-revolutionary Project, Mining Communities.

THE INTERNET ADDRESSES OF AGROTOURISTIC FARMS AND THEIR INFORMATIVE VALUE

Purpose. The analysis of information available in the Domain Name Registry and the digital archive on selected internet domains of agrotouristic farms. The answer to the question whether this information can be helpful in choosing a specific offer. Method. The analysis of the domain’s history – digital copies of websites of chosen agrotouristic farms recorded in the Wayback Machine web archive. The analysis of data available in the WHOIS database. Findings. The analysis of data available in the Research and Academic Computer Network (NASK) does not allow to clearly assess a counterparty’s credibility. Tracking the domain’s history enables to record how artwork, contents and technique of performing agrotouristic farm websites have changed and also how their business type has evolved. Irregularities connected, among others, to the operator being the domain’s customer were noticed in the set of analysed websites. Research and conclusion limitations. 10 addresses of agrotouristic farm websites accessed on 19 December 2016 from the first tab of searching results in one of public website catalogues were examined. As the Wayback Machine web archive collects copies of archival websites regardless of the domain where they are available, the WHOIS database only contains information about national domains of the highest level (.pl). Practical implications. Survey methods used in the paper are universal – they can be helpful in evaluation of credibility of any subject promoting services on the website within a national domain of the highest level. They can be also used to verify history of any web domain which can be helpful before its registration. Originality. The concept of using the Wayback Machine digital archive to evaluate a counterparty’s credibility and potential value of an internet domain. The concept of using the WHOIS registry to estimate credibility of an agrotouristic offer. Type of paper. The paper presents the results of empirical surveys. A case study.