Sliding Mode Observer-Based Fault Detection and Isolation Approach for a Wind Turbine Benchmark

A fault detection and isolation (FDI) approach based on nonlinear sliding mode observers for a wind turbine model is presented. Problems surrounding pitch and drive train system FDI are addressed. This topic has generated great interest because the early detection of faults in these components allows avoiding irreparable damage in wind turbines. A fault diagnosis strategy using nonlinear sliding mode observer banks is proposed due to its ability to handle model uncertainties and external disturbances. Unlike the reported solutions, the solution approach does not need a priori knowledge of the faults and considers system uncertainty. The robustness to disturbances, uncertainties, and measurement noise is shown in the dynamic of the generated residuals, which is sensible to only one kind of fault. To show the effectiveness of the proposed FDI approach, numerical examples based on a wind turbine benchmark model, considering closed loop applications, are presented.

Retrospection of the Optimization Model for Designing the Power Train of a Formula Student Race Car

This article describes the power train design specifics in Formula student race vehicles used in the famed SAE India championship. To facilitate the physical validation of the design of the power train system of a formula student race car category vehicle engine of 610 cc displacement bike engine (KTM 390 model), a detailed design has been proposed with an approach of easing manufacturing and assembly along with full-scale prototype manufacturing. Many procedures must be followed while selecting a power train, such as engine displacement, fuel type, cooling type, throttle actuation, and creating the gear system to obtain the needed power and torque under various loading situations. Keeping the rules in mind, a well-suited engine was selected for the race track and transmission train was selected which gives the maximum performance. Based on the requirement, a power train was designed with all considerations we need to follow. Aside from torque and power, we designed an air intake with fuel efficiency in mind. Wireless sensors and cloud computing were used to monitor transmission characteristics such as transmission temperature management and vibration. The current study describes the design of an air intake manifold with a maximum restrictor diameter of 20 mm.

Dynamically Balanced Pointing System for CubeSats: Study and 3D Printing Manufacturing

The increasing presence of additive manufacturing (AM) in the space sector prompted us to investigate the feasibility of a single degree of freedom (DoF) pointing system (PS) made by means of a compound planetary gear train system (C-PGTS) integrating a dynamic balancing system (DBS) and entirely realized in AM. We analyzed in detail the dynamics of the system dealing with the design and the realization of the prototype. Of fundamental importance for this paper is the careful selection of materials for AM suitable for the prohibitive conditions of space. The results, deriving from the comparison between the experimental part and the simulations, underline the correct dimensioning of the PS and the fundamental importance of DBS in maintaining the satellite attitude. The results also confirm the capabilities of AM in the production of complex mechanical systems, allowing high precision, combined with interesting mechanical properties and low weight.This suggests the potential of AM in the space domain, both for structural parts and active components, such as those listed in this work.

Experimental Research on Rubber Compatibility of Drive Train oils used in Construction Machinery

The compatibility of oil and rubber in the drive train system of construction machinery plays an important role in the safe and reliable operation of the system. In order to investigate the rubber compatibility of drive train system oil of construction machinery, the changes of rubber sheet volume and hardness before and after immersion of standard fluororubber (FKM2) and hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR1) with 9 kinds of drive train system oil were tested. The results show that FKM2 has good rubber compatibility with drive train oil, and HNBR1 is only compatible with some drive train oil; The volume change rate and hardness change range of FKM2 are smaller than those of HNBR1.

Experimental Fitting of Redesign Electrified Turbocompressor of a Novel Mild Hybrid Power Train for a City Car

As part of a project for the realization of a hybrid vehicle with an innovative power train system, the proposal presented is to disconnect the turbocharger group and study the different behavior of the compressor and turbine, so decoupled. In an actual turbocharger, when the power of the turbine exceeds that required by the compressor, the wastegate valve opens. In this way, a part of the flue gases does not evolve into a turbine and limits the power generated. In the solution proposed here (the paper considers only “compressor side”) all the flow rate of the flue gases is processed by the turbine. In this way, for each rpms of the IC engine, the turbine generates more power than that required by the compressor. This makes it possible to use this surplus of power for the auxiliaries and/or to recharge the battery pack of the considered hybrid vehicle. An additional advantage is, thanks to this surplus generated, that the battery pack can be smaller and can be recharged while driving. Therefore, the entire system operates as a “Range Extended”. As mentioned above, this work is focused on the direct compressor—innovative electric motor coupling will be sized and realized, and a subsequent series of experimental tests will confirm the feasibility of this phase of the project.

Influence of track irregularities on the vertical acceleration of cars during high-speed traffic

Objective: Obtaining differential equations of the “bridge-train” system, the solution of which allows one to identify the optimal dynamic parameters of the vehicle of high-speed rolling stock and bridge structures when rolling load moves at high speed. Methods: Derivation of differential equations of the “bridge– train” system by the analytical method. Results: Obtaining formulas for determining the acceleration of the spring borne part of rolling stock vehicles depending on track irregularities. Practical importance: Based on the results of calculations according to these formulas, a reasonable assignment of the values of camber and the possibility of assessing the effect of random irregularities of the rail track on the bridge are provided.

Theoretical and Experimental Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics for a Valve Train System

The valve train is one of the main sources of engine vibration, and its dynamic performance is crucial for output power and fuel consumption. The flexibilities of slender bars and beams should be emphasised in the design of valve trains to develop high-power and high-speed engines with industrial applications. A flexible dynamic model of a valve train system is proposed. In the proposed model, the components, except the cam and gear bodies, are modelled as flexible bodies with multidirectional deformations. The gyroscopic effects of the camshaft, cams and gear discs are also considered to predict dynamic responses at high speeds accurately. Gear meshing, the friction of the cam–tappet pair, the centrifugal force of the cams and valve clearance are also considered. Experiments on housing vibration and pushrod stress are conducted to validate the proposed model. Results show that the proposed model can predict the dynamic stress of the flexible components well and predict the trend shown by the housing vibration. The proposed model shows that excessive cam rotation speed and valve clearance will cause intense bounce and jump phenomena. The proposed model can be an important reference for designing engine work speed, adjusting valve clearance and improving component durability.