MECHANISMS OF THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF HYPERBARIC OXYGEN ON THE GAS EXCHANGE FUNCTION OF THE LUNGS IN SARS-CO-2-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA

The article discusses some mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygenation in COVID-19: the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on the contractility of endotheliocytes of pulmonary capillaries, thrombogenic and arthrombogenic potential of pulmonary vessels.

Analysis of permafrost effect on water exchange processes

The article focuses on the importance of studying the water exchange role of the permafrost, which currently occupies a quarter of the Earth's land and is 1.5 km deep in some regions, as well as assessing the permafrost impact on the formation of surface and ground water resources and regime. First of all, the permafrost water exchange function is associated with the freezing of water-saturated rocks and thawing of ice-saturated ones. The author gives individual consideration to the water exchange role of the active layer and the effect of the permafrost long-term dynamics on water exchange direction and scale. The water exchange function of the active layer appears due to the seasonal phase transitions of groundwater from a liquid to a solid state and back. Thus, the volume of water formed by the thawing of underground ice accumulated in the active layer in winter has been estimated about 4·1012 m3. In this regard, it is proposed to give cryohydrogenic part associated with the seasonal transitions of groundwater from the liquid to solid state and back in the active layer of the cryolithozone independent consideration within the hydrological (climatic) cycle of the natural water circulation. It is most certain that the permafrost water exchange function is more significant being associated with longterm permafrost development dynamics under the influence of periodic dramatic climate fluctuations. Thus, during the Holocene climatic optimum about 4.5·1015 m3 of underground ice was converted to the liquid phase. The intensity of water formed from the melting of this amount of ice inflowing its surface and underground reservoirs has been estimated about 820 km3 per year. This fact considered, the author proposes to consider the cryolithogenic part separately in the geological cycle of the natural water cycle.

Intraoperative anaesthesia, postoperative analgesia and postoperative prevention of nausea and vomiting in case of acute bowel obstruction (clinical lecture)

The main efforts during anaesthesia for acute bowel obstruction surgery should be aimed at stabilizing the patient’s haemodynamics and compensation of electrolyte disorders that often occur in the preoperative period. Modern devices for monitoring hemodynamics, temperature, respiratory mechanics and gas exchange function should be used extensively. Effective monitoring of these functions and early use of medium doses of vasopressors in arterial hypotension allow stabilizing hemodynamics and limi-ting the volume of intraoperative fluid infusion. The choice of infusion solutions should be goal-directed and selected according to the type of electrolyte disturbances, but balanced crystalloids solutions should be the choice for baseline infusion. The choice for the anaesthetic drugs should be based on the possibility to promptly awake the patient soon after anaesthesia and for early mobilisation. If possible, general anaesthetic techniques should be complemen-ted by regional anaesthesia. The issue of avoiding intraoperative intestinal intubation, as well as early removal of nasojejunal and/or nasogastric tubes in the postoperative period should be discussed together with surgeons. Such a tactic often helps reduce the seve-rity of nausea and accelerate postoperative patients’ rehabilitation. For effective postoperative control of nausea and vomiting in case of bowel obstruction, it is often necessary to use a combination of drugs that reduce gastrointestinal secretion with drugs that inhibit the central regulation of the vomiting reflex in the central nervous system, as well as with prokinetics that improve the evacuation of gastric contents.

Antioxidant and multi-sensitive PNIPAAm/keratin double network gels for self-stripping wound dressing application

Hydrogel is a potential wound dressing material due to its ability to maintain a humid environment, the strong absorptive capacity of exuded tissue fluid, and gas exchange function. Herein, poly(N-isopropyl...

Structural and functional profile of livestock markets in India

Livestock markets perform major exchange function of animals in India. These markets play a considerable share in the economic gain of farmers and act as a social and cultural migration hub for the domestic and foreign tourists also. But they are largely unorganized and dominated by informal traders. The structural base of livestock markets determines the sales pattern and the major price value of animals is bagged by middlemen. These markets are functioning under the jurisdiction of the state governments and supervision is under the control of the local bodies. The different marketing strategies in the markets and pricing are affected by qualitative and quantitative factors of animals. The major constraints regarding the livestock markets are the lack of facilities and unawareness of knowledge among the sellers and buyers. The role of livestock markets in disease transmission is also a matter of concern. Details regarding animal movement will facilitate epidemiological studies to prevent contagious diseases from outside the country. In the present COVID-19 pandemic, conventional livestock markets are closed and virtual markets based on online platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp and E-commerce sites are coming up and these transformations are absolutely inevitable. Keywords: Livestock markets, Marketing strategies, India

Damaged lung gas exchange function of discharged COVID-19 patients detected by hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI

The recovery process of COVID-19 patients is unclear. Some recovered patients complain of continued shortness of breath. Vasculopathy has been reported in COVID-19, stressing the importance of probing pulmonary microstructure and function at the alveolar-capillary interface. While computed tomography (CT) detects structural abnormalities, little is known about the impact of disease on lung function. 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique uniquely capable of assessing ventilation, microstructure, and gas exchange. Using 129Xe MRI, we found that COVID-19 patients show a higher rate of ventilation defects (5.9% versus 3.7%), unchanged microstructure, and longer gas-blood exchange time (43.5 ms versus 32.5 ms) compared with healthy individuals. These findings suggest that regional ventilation and alveolar airspace dimensions are relatively normal around the time of discharge, while gas-blood exchange function is diminished. This study establishes the feasibility of localized lung function measurements in COVID-19 patients and their potential usefulness as a supplement to structural imaging.

Marketing Efficiency Analysis of Cabbagein Kayu Aro District Kerinci Regency Jambi Province

This research is aimed to; 1) describe the marketing system of cabbage, including marketing channels and marketing functions which is done by eachmarketing agencies;2) analyze the structure, conduct, and performance (SCP), marketing margin, farmer's share, and marketing efficiency analysis of cabbage's marketing in Kayu Aro district. The data collection method used in this research was survey. Primary and secondary data were collected and then analyzed using descriptive qualitative method and quantitative method. The findings of this research indicate that; 1) marketing agencies involved in the cabbage marketing structure are farmers, collectors sellers, large sellers, distributor sellers, and retailer sellers. 2) There are four channels of cabbage marketing, and it consists of three channels inside the region and one channel outside the region. 3) Market functions that had been conducted within each marketing channel are exchange function, physic function, and facility function. 4) The market structure analysis of cabbage leads to an oligopoly market. Marketing price is shaped based on a compromise between demand and supply. Furthermore, this study highlighted that marketing channel IV is the most efficient channel for marketing efficiency analysis. Through this study, the writer would like to advise the producers to follow the cabbage marketing structure that had already been formulated, which is marketing channel IV. The local government could create a policy to make marketing efficiency better, for example, by supplying facilities and infrastructure. As for future researchers, there is pressing urgency for further research about marketing efficiency through a market integration approach.

Analysis of Mangosteen Marketing in Pulau Rambai Village Kampa District Kampar Regency

Mangosteen prices are determined by traders who tend to speculate, causing a weak bargaining position for farmers. Prices are determined unilaterally by traders, making farmers position only as price takers. Mangosteen marketing efficiency analysis needs to be done so that it can discover the cause of the low bargaining power of farmers and price fluctuations and the level of efficiency in each marketing channel. The study aims to analyze the marketing functions, costs, and the marketing efficiency of mangosteen fruit in Pulau Rambai Village, Kampa District, Kampar Regency. The method used is a survey method. Farmer sampling in this study used a simple random sampling method, and as for the traders, samples were taken by census method. The data analysis used is descriptive and quantitative. The results of the study highlight that the marketing functions carried out by each marketing institution are the exchange function, physical function, and facility functions. The exchange function is carried out in the form of a sale and purchase function. Physical functions is performed in the form of packaging, transportation and storage functions. The function of the facilities carried out in the forms of the activities of sorting and grading, financing, risk management, and market information. There are two mangosteen marketing channels in Desa Rambai Island. The most efficient marketing channels are determinedby thecalculation of marketing costs and marketing efficiency. The most efficient chaanel in this study is marketing channel number two.