Economic impact of cervical cancer premature mortality in Brazil 2001-2030: a human capital approach

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, vaccination and screening for precursor lesions are effective primary prevention measures. Some developed countries aim to eradicate it in the near future. In Brazil, there is still a need for progress in cervical cancer control. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cervical cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy through productivity loss. Given the diversity of sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cervical cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods Data of all cancers deaths among working-age women (15-64 years) occurring between 2001 and 2015 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were obtained from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. NordPred package by software R was used to calculate predictions to 2030. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age, adjusted for unemployment and participation rates. Results Nationally, 76,617 premature cervical deaths occurred between 2001 and 2015, and 90,437 deaths are predicted for 2016-2030, corresponding to an observed cost of US$2,260,623 (thousands) and a predicted cost of US$4,939,561 (thousands). The impact of cervical-cancer related productivity varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, 14% and 11.5% of the loss related to cancer premature mortality will be due to cervical cancer (2016-2030) while in the North and Northeast, it will be responsible for 26.8% and 17.5% of the loss, respectively. Conclusions If the situation in Brazil remains the same, the economic impact of cervical cancer deaths among working-age women will remain critical. It is urgent to reinforce primary prevention measures, especially in the North and Northeast regions. Key messages The number of cervical cancer deaths among working-age women in Brazil is predicted to increase until 2030. It is urgent to reinforce cervical cancer primary prevention measures, especially in the North and Northeast regions.

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The economic impact of cancer-related premature mortality in Brazil: A human capital approach analysis.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.7068 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. 7068-7068

Author(s):

Marianna De Camargo Cancela ◽

Leonardo Borges Lopes de Souza ◽

Luis Felipe Leite Martins ◽

Dyego Souza ◽

Anton Barchuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Productivity Loss ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Human Capital Approach ◽

Cancer Type ◽

Regional Patterns ◽

The North ◽

The Impact

7068 Background: One method of calculating indirect costs of cancer is the analysis of productivity loss. Using the human capital approach, we estimate how much cancer-related premature mortality indirectly impacts the economy. Given the diverse causes of cancer death and sociodemographic profiles in Brazil, we estimated lost productivity due to cancer by regions, providing evidence for local decision-makers. Methods: Data of all cancers deaths among working-age people (15-64 years for men and 15-60 for women) occurring in 2016 were extracted from the National Mortality System, by region, sex and age-group. Data on life expectancy, workforce participation, unemployment and wages were extracted from the Brazilian National Institute of Geographics and Statistics. Loss of productivity was calculated as the value of time between death and potential retirement age. Results: In total 536,827 (men) and 407,737 (women) years of potential productive life (YPPLL) were lost in 2016, corresponding to US$ 6,196,682,092 (PPP) for Brazil. The profile of YPPLL by cancer type varied by region. In the affluent South and Southeast regions, the cancers with higher impact in men were lung (12.4% and 9.9% of total YPPLL) and colorectal (9.6% and 10.4% of total YPPLL) while in the less affluent North and Northeast, stomach cancer was responsible for 17% and 12% of YPPLL, respectively. Among women, breast cancer had the highest impact in all regions (21.7%-26.2%), excepting the North, where cervical cancer was responsible for 31.3% of the YPPLL. Nationally, individual YPPLL was higher for testicular cancer in males (31.3 years) and Hodgkin’s disease in females (20.2). In the North and the Northeast, despite lower mortality rates, the economic impact of productivity loss was higher, representing 0.23 and 0.29% of the regional GDP. Conclusions: Our results show the indirect economic impact of premature cancer mortality in Brazil, at a total cost of US$ 6,196,682,092 in 2016, representing 0.2% of the entire country’s GDP. The regional patterns highlight the need for adaption of public policies, typical from a country in transition, with the impact of lifestyle and infection-related cancers simultaneously and differently affecting economically the regions.

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Economic Impact of Crop Diversification in North-East India: Evidence from Household-level Survey

10.48165/ijee.2021.57423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 104-109

Author(s):

Laishram Priscilla ◽

Priyajoy Kar ◽

Oinam Krishnadas ◽

Laitonjam Nivetina ◽

Ph Romen Sharma

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Crop Diversification ◽

Agricultural Growth ◽

Household Level ◽

North East India ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Logit Estimation ◽

Level Data ◽

Working Age

The study used a large farm household level data to assess the economic impact of crop diversification and also identifies the factors influencing the extent of diversification in the north east region of India. The crop sector was found to be skewed towards specialization. The result of instrumental variable technique showed that crop diversification has a positively significant impact on the income among the households. Further, fractional logit estimation found that variables like family members in the working age group, landholding size, crop loss experience, extension contact, participation in training positively affected diversification. Irrigated area, access to institutional credit, etc negatively affected the same. Diversification towards high value crops may accelerate the agricultural growth of the region and improve the wellbeing of the farmers. Measures for improvement of basic infrastructural facilities and extension services for improving backward and forward linkages are required.

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The Economic Impact of the Mercedes Benz Investment on the State of Alabama

Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics ◽

10.1017/s1074070800008646 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 371-382 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ellene Kebede ◽

Mudiayi Sylvain Ngandu

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Human Resource Development ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

The State ◽

The North ◽

Direct Benefits ◽

State Economy ◽

Multiplier Effects ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact

AbstractAs part of its strategy to attract new businesses, in 1994 the State of Alabama won the Mercedes Benz bid to establish an automobile assembly plant in Vance, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama at the cost of $222 to $253 million worth of incentives. The study assessed the economic impact of the Mercedes Benz investment using IMPLAN. The IMPLAN industry code 49, industrial construction, and industry code 384, motor vehicle, were used to project the impact of the investment for the construction and production phases respectively. The results from four scenarios indicated that the investment would generate sizable direct and indirect employment, income, output, and tax revenue for the state economy. From the estimated revenue, the pay-out period for the cost of the incentive would be from four to seven years. The scenarios also indicated that the increase in the volume of locally purchased automobile parts will increase the multiplier effects for the state economy. Currently, the direct benefits from suppliers accrue to other states with established suppliers networks. The finding also suggested a heavy concentration of the impact of Mercedes Benz plant in the north and northeast part of the state. These counties were also the beneficiaries of past agglomeration economies in terms of critical physical infrastructure and human resource development.

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Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17165981 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 5981 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Emily Chan ◽

Tiffany Sham ◽

Tayyab Shahzada ◽

Caroline Dubois ◽

Zhe Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Primary Prevention ◽

Keyword Search ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

World Health ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Vector Borne Diseases ◽

Vector Borne ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Climate change is expanding the global at-risk population for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM) framework emphasises the importance of primary prevention of biological hazards and its value in protecting against VBDs. The framework encourages stakeholder coordination and information sharing, though there is still a need to reinforce prevention and recovery within disaster management. This keyword-search based narrative literature review searched databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline between January 2000 and May 2020, and identified 134 publications. In total, 10 health-EDRM primary prevention measures are summarised at three levels (personal, environmental and household). Enabling factor, limiting factors, co-benefits and strength of evidence were identified. Current studies on primary prevention measures for VBDs focus on health risk-reduction, with minimal evaluation of actual disease reduction. Although prevention against mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria, has been well-studied, research on other vectors and VBDs remains limited. Other gaps included the limited evidence pertaining to prevention in resource-poor settings and the efficacy of alternatives, discrepancies amongst agencies’ recommendations, and limited studies on the impact of technological advancements and habitat change on VBD prevalence. Health-EDRM primary prevention measures for VBDs require high-priority research to facilitate multifaceted, multi-sectoral, coordinated responses that will enable effective risk mitigation.

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The Cost of Lost Productivity due to Premature Chagas Disease-Related Mortality: Evidence from Colombia (2010-2017)

10.20944/preprints202004.0244.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mario J. Olivera ◽

Francisco Palencia-Sánchez ◽

Martha Riaño-Casallas

Keyword(s):

Chagas Disease ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Premature Death ◽

Lost Productivity ◽

Working Age ◽

The Cost ◽

Work Tenure ◽

The Impact ◽

Related Mortality

Economic burden due to premature mortality has a negative impact not only in health system even though in the society. The aim of this study was to estimate the potential years of work tenure lost (PYWL) due to Chagas disease in Colombia from 2010-2017. National data on mortality by sex and ages between 15 and 62 dues to Chagas from 2010 to 2017. The PYWL methodology was applied to assess the impact of Chagas disease in workers who suffer from them. In total, 1,261 deaths were analyzed in the study, of which 60% corresponded to males. The loss of labor productivity caused by Chagas disease was estimated at $29 million. Overall, 48,621 PYWL were lost, and there was an average of 21 years for all subjects with Chagas. Throughout the analyzed period, PYWL increased substantially, and it is necessary to continue with early detection programs to avoid premature death in working age population.

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Indirect cost of non-communicable diseases deaths in the World Health Organization African Region

International Archives of Medicine ◽

10.3823/2304 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Joses Muthuri Kirigia ◽

Germano M Mwabu ◽

James Machoki M'Imunya ◽

Rosenabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri ◽

Lenity Honesty Kainyu Nkanata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Low Income ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Total Loss ◽

Human Capital Approach ◽

World Health ◽

African Region ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Management Interventions ◽

The Impact

Background: In 2012, a total of 9 398 809 deaths from all causes occurred in the WHO African Region; out of which 2 788 381 (29.67%) were due to non-communicable diseases (NCD). The objective of this study was to estimate future gross domestic product (GDP) losses associated with NCD deaths in the African Region for use to advocate for increased investments into prevention and management of NCDs. Methods: Human capital approach is used to estimate non-health GDP losses associated with NCD deaths. Future non-health GDP losses were discounted at 3%. The analysis was done for three income groups of countries and six age groups. One-way sensitivity analysis at 5% and 10% discount rates was undertaken to assess the impact on expected non-health GDP loss estimates.Results: The 2 788 381 NCD deaths that occurred in the African Region in 2012 are estimated to have resulted in a total discounted GDP loss of Int$ 61 302 450 005. Out of that total loss, 20.36% was borne by those aged 0-4 years; 12.76% by 5-14 years; 16.64% by 15-29 years; 44.93% by 30-59 years; 2.99% by 60-69 years; and 2.33% by those aged 70 years and above. Thus, those aged between 15 and 59 years bore 61.57% of the GDP losses.Approximately 47.4%, 33.1% and 19.5% of the total loss was borne by high and upper middle-, lower middle- and low-income countries respectively. The average total non-health GDP loss was Int$ 21 985 per NCD death. The average non-health GDP lost per NCD death was Int$ 54 534 for Group 1, Int$ 21 492 for Group 2 and Int$ 9 096 for Group 3. Conclusion: Premature NCD deaths are associated with substantive GDP losses in countries of the African Region. Therefore, unless African countries and their development partners bolster their investments to assure universal population coverage of cost-effective promotive, preventive and management interventions for NCDs, prospects of achieving the United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) might be greatly undermined in Africa.Key words: Non-communicable diseases, non-health GDP loss, NCD prevention and management, human capital approach

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Comparing the Impacts of Retiree versus Working-Age Families on a Small Rural Region: An Application of the Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System

Agricultural and Resource Economics Review ◽

10.1017/s1068280500000514 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 20-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Martin Shields ◽

Steven C. Deller ◽

Judith I. Stallmann

Keyword(s):

Economic Impact ◽

Econometric Model ◽

Residential Development ◽

Fiscal Impact ◽

Rural Region ◽

Development Patterns ◽

System A ◽

Working Age ◽

Families With Children ◽

The Impact

The Wisconsin Economic Impact Modeling System, a conjoined input-output/econometric model of Wisconsin counties, is used to simulate the economic and fiscal impact of two alternative residential development patterns. Under the first scenario, the impact of migrating retirees on a small tri-county region in northern Wisconsin is examined. Under the second scenario, the impact of the migration of younger families with children is examined. A comparison-contrast between the two scenarios demonstrates that the characteristics of the migrating household can have a significant impact on the nature of the impacts.

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Direct non-medical and indirect costs of diabetes and its associated complications in Vietnam: an estimation using national health insurance claims from a cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. e032303 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thi Tuyet Mai Kieu ◽

Hong Nhung Trinh ◽

Huy Tuan Kiet Pham ◽

Thanh Binh Nguyen ◽

Junice Yi Siu Ng

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

Medical Costs ◽

Second Phase ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Working Age ◽

The Impact

ObjectiveThe prevalence of diabetes in Vietnam has increased from 2.5% in 2007 to 5.5% in 2017, but the burden of direct non-medical and indirect costs is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the direct non-medical costs and indirect costs due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications among Vietnam Health Insurance System (VHIS) enrollees in Vietnam.DesignThe first phase was a cross-sectional survey of patients with T2DM. In the second phase, data from the previous phase were used to predict direct non-medical costs and presenteeism costs of VHIS enrollees diagnosed with T2DM based on demographic and clinical characteristics in 2017. The human-capital approach was used for the calculation of indirect costs.Setting and participantsThis study recruited 315 patients from a national hospital, a provincial hospital and a district hospital aged 18 or above, diagnosed with T2DM, enrolled in VHIS, and having at least one visit to hospitals between 1 June and 30 July 2018. The VHIS dataset contained 1,395,204 patients with T2DM.Outcome measuresThe direct non-medical costs and presenteeism were collected from the survey. Absenteeism costs were estimated from the VHIS database. Costs of premature mortality were calculated based on the estimates from secondary sources.ResultsThe total direct non-medical and indirect costs were US$239 million in 2017. Direct non-medical costs were US$78 million, whereas indirect costs were US$161 million. Costs of absenteeism, presenteeism and premature mortality corresponded to 17%, 73% and 10% of the indirect costs. Patients incurred annual mean direct non-medical costs of US$56. Annual mean absenteeism and presenteeism costs for patients in working age were US$61 and US$267, respectively.ConclusionsThe impact of T2DM on direct non-medical and indirect costs on diabetes is substantial. Direct non-medical and absenteeism costs were higher in patients with complications.

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Displacement, marginalization and changing economic structure: counting the intangible costs of riverbank erosion in Majuli island of India

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20602 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Avijit Sahay

Keyword(s):

Political Ecology ◽

Economic Impact ◽

Economic Structure ◽

Entire Population ◽

Intangible Cost ◽

Profound Impact ◽

The North ◽

Riverbank Erosion ◽

Intangible Costs ◽

The Impact

The paper focuses on the impact of riverbank erosion on the island of Majuli. Majuli is a large and populous river island in the India state of Assam. However, the island suffers from the erosional work of Rivers Brahmaputra in the south and Luhit in the north and this has led to the loss of land and the resultant displacement of population in 110 out of 243 villages of Majuli. The most significant impact of riverbank erosion has been on the livelihood pattern of the island, as erosion has affected both agriculture and fishing activities. However, the impact of erosion is not felt equally by the entire population of Majuli. Those who live near the banks of the river are disproportionately affected by erosion, while those living in the more central parts of the island have benefitted from it by using the changing economic structure of the island. Riverbank erosion has thus, had a profound impact on the society, economy and livelihood structure of the island and has created a more unequal society. The paper tries to count this intangible cost of riverbank erosion by analyzing the disparity in the economic impact of riverbank erosion from the perspective of political ecology with the help of survey and personal interviews carried out in Majuli.Keywords: Majuli, Brahmaputra, Riverbank Erosion, Displacement, Economic Impact, Political Ecology

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Impact of COVID-19 infection on life expectancy, premature mortality, and DALY in Maharashtra, India

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06026-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Guru Vasishtha ◽

Sanjay K. Mohanty ◽

Udaya S. Mishra ◽

Manisha Dubey ◽

Umakanta Sahoo

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Premature Mortality ◽

The State ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Working Age ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The COVID-19 infections and deaths have largely been uneven within and between countries. With 17% of the world’s population, India has so far had 13% of global COVID-19 infections and 8.5% of deaths. Maharashtra accounting for 9% of India’s population, is the worst affected state, with 19% of infections and 33% of total deaths in the country until 23rd December 2020. Though a number of studies have examined the vulnerability to and spread of COVID-19 and its effect on mortality, no attempt has been made to understand its impact on mortality in the states of India. Method Using data from multiple sources and under the assumption that COVID-19 deaths are additional deaths in the population, this paper examined the impact of the disease on premature mortality, loss of life expectancy, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in Maharashtra. Descriptive statistics, a set of abridged life tables, YPLL, and DALY were used in the analysis. Estimates of mortality indices were compared pre- and during COVID-19. Result COVID-19 attributable deaths account for 5.3% of total deaths in the state and have reduced the life expectancy at birth by 0.8 years, from 73.2 years in the pre-COVID-19 period to 72.4 years by the end of 2020. If COVID-19 attributable deaths increase to 10% of total deaths, life expectancy at birth will likely reduce by 1.4 years. The probability of death in 20–64 years of age (the prime working-age group) has increased from 0.15 to 0.16 due to COVID-19. There has been 1.06 million additional loss of years (YPLL) in the state, and DALY due to COVID-19 has been estimated to be 6 per thousand. Conclusion COVID-19 has increased premature mortality, YPLL, and DALY and has reduced life expectancy at every age in Maharashtra.

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