The Problem of Demarcation of Information Conflicts: Philosophical-Methodological Analysis

The phenomenon of information conflict at the moment is an actual research object of many social and humanitarian disciplines. On the other hand, there is a lack of fundamental theoretical, primarily philosophical and methodological, research on this issue. This is expressed, inter alia, in the absence of philosophical and methodological grounds for isolating an information conflict from the totality of all objectively observed communications, i.e. demarcation of the phenomenon. The problem of finding criteria for an information conflict is of key importance in the formation of the methodological foundations and categorical apparatus for studying this phenomenon. In this regard, the need to develop theoretical foundations for the demarcation of information conflict is an urgent research task. The object of this work is the phenomenon of information conflict as part of the communicative process. The subject of the research is the problem of demarcation of information conflicts from all aggregate communications. The purpose of the study is to describe and substantiate the existing object-oriented methodologies that allow for the demarcation procedure. The following tasks are adequately formulated for the purpose of the study: 1) describe the problem of demarcation; 2) identify the communicative grounds of the information conflict; 3) analyze and highlight the main approaches to the problem of demarcation of information conflict. The novelty of the work lies in the systematic description and structuring of methodological approaches to the problem of demarcation of information conflicts, as well as analysis of the boundaries of methodologies and approaches. In the course of the work, it was determined and proved that, relying solely on the theory of communication, it is impossible to adequately carry out the demarcation procedure; it is necessary to use additional, non-communicative demarcation criteria, which is due to the variety of demarcation approaches in various studies. In conclusion, conclusions are formulated about the limitations of object-oriented approaches for solving the problem of demarcation of information conflicts.

Socio-cultural dimension of XXI century information wars regarding to the place and role of libraries in them

The relevance. The priority of information confrontation in the postmodern era is to change the mentality of the nation and the deformation of national memory patterns, which is clearly reflected in the events associated with the attempts of the Russian Federation to restore its imperial status. Complex transformation processes in the development of the modern library system, the problem of determining its role and place in the protection of national cultural heritage, resisting attempts to purposefully instill hostile cultural values in the Ukrainian state in the context of integrated use of information warfare are given. The purpose of our scientific research is to reveal the essence of the socio-cultural dimension of information warfare in its memetic and network varieties and to identify the potential for library system functioning in the context of information conflict. The methodology. The author’s vision of the problem is based on the main principles of science: scientificity and objectivity. A systematic approach to determining the functionality of libraries enabled to establish the content and prospects of transformation processes of the modern library system in the information war and to determine its effectiveness in terms of performing tasks of effective information confrontation. The results. It is proved that the library, as a traditional collector and translator in the time and space of documented knowledge, the guardian of the national cultural heritage becomes the object of influence and manipulation in the terms of information warfare. At the same time, it can and should be an effective tool for information confrontation. The role and place of the library system in the types of information wars — memetic and network wars — are clarified. A number of functions of libraries for effective confrontation in the context of the specified types of information wars of the present are characterized in detail. The scientific topicality. For the first time, an attempt was made to comprehensively analyze the role of libraries in the information conflict. The tasks and functions of the library system as an effective tool for the protection of the national information space are specified. The practical significance. The results of the study can be used by librarians, as well as higher education institutions that implement educational programs in the specialty 029 “Information, Library and Archival Affairs” in the development of new disciplines (e.g. “Information Warfare and National Security”). It will provide training for library and information specialists at modern requirements level, taking into account the peculiarities of modernization processes development in the library and archives.

Dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies

Problem setting. The development of the information theory conflicts is connected with the need to form new models that take into account new factors and features of real actions of conflicting parties in the information area. Currently, a fairly developed scientific and methodological apparatus for study of information conflict are models in the formalism of the Markov theory processes and game theory. At the same time, models based on dynamic systems are not sufficiently developed, and dynamic models of multilateral conflicts are not available in well-known publications.Target. The purpose of the work is to form a dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies.Results. The research results in a dynamic plurilateral information conflict model with different participant strategies. The elements of the model scientific novelty are: the conflict formalization in the form of differential equations system, which are based on the original modification of the Lotki-Voltera model equations; nine strategies for action by parties to a multilateral conflict with varying degrees of conflict; each strategy formalization in the form of coefficients or complex functions with the modeling possibility of their application and change in duel conflicts between each pair of sides.Practical significance. The model presented using in the article allows: to study the dynamic of changes in the conflict parties resources; identify local wins and losses in transition mode; to make conclusions about global wins and losses of the parties over the conflict duration; to make recommendations about party-specific strategies choice and parameters of their strategies usefulness for achieving global wins. These studies may be useful to those skilled special purpose information systems field, electronic warfare or information warfare.

INFORMATION CONFLICT BETWEEN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND A SYSTEM OF DESTABILIZING INFLUENCES Part III CONTROLLING OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN CONFLICT SITUATION

In the paper is presented formalization of the controlling and connecting processes for in the conflict condition with the system of destabilizing influences. The quality of control in the organizational and technical system is matched to the stability of its communication system. It is showed match to reduce of the relevance and com-pleteness of the transmitted information in the control system with decrease of the reliability, timeliness and volume of information transmitted through the communi-cation system in condition a information conflict. A new indicator "information damage" is proposed in paper and it is shown that this indicator can estimate of the reduction of the quality of information support for controlling processes. Brief analysis of other studies that are aimed at developing generalized models of infor-mation conflict is carried out. Directions for further research are outlined.

Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic: An Adaptive Disaster Governance in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Since Indonesia reported its first case of COVID-19 in the capital, Jakarta, in early March of 2020, the pandemic has affected 102,051,000 lives. In the second week of the month, the government mandated all sectors to take necessary actions to curb the spread. The research set out to evaluate how the disaster emergency response was carried out amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (SRY). The research employs qualitative observation of adaptive governance variables, i.e., infrastructure availability, information, conflict mechanism, regulation, and adaptation. The research analyzed primary data collected from focus group discussions with key persons at the Local Disaster Management Agency, Local Development Planning Agency, and Disaster Risk Reduction Platform responsible for the crisis and included an online survey to validate data. The research revealed that the SRY had exhibited adaptive governance to the COVID-19 pandemic, as apparent by, among others, open-access spatial and non-spatial data, extensive combined uses of both types of data, and prompt active engagement of communities in the enforcement of new rules and regulations mandated by national and provincial governments. Furthermore, during emergency responses to COVID-19, the stakeholders provided infrastructure and information, dealt with conflicts in multiple spatial units, encouraged adaptations, and formulated emergent rules and regulations. For further research, we encourage qualitative analysis to confront other types of natural disaster for the research area.

EXPRESS: The Contribution of Meaning to the Detection of Task Conflict

The color-word Stroop task produces both information conflict (detection of the ink color vs. word meaning) and task conflict (respond to the ink color vs. read the word). In the present study we measured both reaction time and pupil dilation, and the neutral stimuli in our study were non-readable letter strings as well as meaningless non-readable stimuli (i.e., colored patches and abstract character strings). Our results showed slowest responses in the incongruent trials and fastest responses in the congruent trials. However, no differences were found between the investigated neutrals. In contrast, pupil dilation was largest in the incongruent trials and smallest in the neutral trials. Moreover, the more the neutral stimuli were meaningless, the less the pupil dilation that was observed. Our results suggest that non-word meaningless stimuli reduced task conflict (compared to all the investigated conditions). Neutral equivalence should be taken into consideration in Stroop and Stroop-like tasks.

The interaction of grammatically distinct agreement dependencies in predictive processing

Previous research has found that comprehenders sometimes predict information that is grammatically unlicensed by sentence constraints. An open question is why such grammatically unlicensed predictions occur. We examined the possibility that unlicensed predictions arise in situations of information conflict, for instance when comprehenders try to predict upcoming words while simultaneously building dependencies with previously encountered elements in memory. German possessive pronouns are a good testing ground for this hypothesis because they encode two grammatically distinct agreement dependencies: a retrospective one between the possessive and its preceding antecedent, and a prospective one between the possessive and its following nominal head. In two visual world eye-tracking experiments, we estimated the onset of predictive effects in participants’ fixations. The results showed that the retrospective dependency affected resolution of the prospective dependency by shifting the onset of predictive effects. We attribute this effect to an interaction between predictive and memory retrieval processes.

ALGORITHM FOR DETERMINING THE MEASURE OF EXISTENCE OF UNRELIABLE INFORMATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF INFORMATION CONFLICT

Social interaction of subjects in the modern world, in addition to positive forms, also has negative ones. One of such forms is information confrontation, the conceptual basis of which is to spread in the information space of the enemy unreliable information to influence the assessments, intentions, and orientation of the population and decision-makers. In this case, information becomes a more important resource than material or energy resources. The analysis of laws and properties of existence and distribution of information in the conditions of information confrontation is carried out. Based on the analysis of the above laws and studying the properties of information, the main features of the perception of information by the subjects are formulated. These are selectivity, attitude to certain information, authority (reputation), imaginary secrecy of receiving information. It is shown that on the basis of the formulated features of perception of information of subjects it is possible to create visibility of reliability of the information, and then no force will convince that it is specially made for the purpose of incorrect estimation, the negative orientation of the population and decision-makers. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is that the parameters of information evaluation are used as a measure of the probability of propagation of inaccurate information. The degree of probability of dissemination of unreliable information is determined for each law of existence of information separately. The general estimation of the probability of distribution of unreliable information consists of the production of values of measures of each law in the person. Depending on the preference of a particular law for a particular type of information, the value of the measure will vary. That is, the proposed algorithm, in contrast to existing methods of evaluating information, additionally takes into account the type and class of information. The direction of further research: development of a scale of measures to assess the probability of spreading inaccurate information. Using as coefficients of the model the parameters of the developed scale of measures to assess the probability of propagation of inaccurate information. Creation of a mathematical model of distribution of unreliable information in the conditions of information confrontation.