ISSUES OF DETERMINING THE CONTEXT OF RESTRICTED INFORMATION SECURITY

The article analyzes the problematic issues of determining the content of the concept of protection of restricted information, in particular, the authors analyze the existing terminology used by the legislation of Ukraine on the protection of restricted information. The authors of the article, based on existing legislation regulating such information storage measures as information protection, technical protection of information, cryptographic protection of information, cyber protection, using the deductive method of research derived the definition of “protection of restricted information”. In addition, using various scientific research methods, the authors of the article highlight the issues of legal uncertainty and contradictions in the concepts of some types of restricted information protection, which are found in the guidance documents on the subject of research. Also, in the article: the properties of information are derived and the types of operations with information are determined. This took into account the understanding of the concept of “restricted information”, which was defined by one of the authors in his previous work; the idea of the content of protection of restricted information is summarized, and also each of properties of the information which make the content of its protection is investigated.

The prosodic properties of narrow information focus in Central Mexican Spanish: Pitch accents, de-emphasis and phrasing

This paper investigates the different prosodic strategies used for the marking of information focus in Central Mexican Spanish. For this purpose, we carried out a study of the prosodic properties of information focus both in clause final position and in situ. Our results show important differences when compared to other varieties of Spanish. Specifically, we observe that the most frequent accent signaling information focus is a monotonal pitch accent (L* or !H*) and not L+H*. Furthermore, in many cases we observe that the pitch accent is not the only mechanism used to signal the focus: this is because we observe the presence of prosodic edges to the left of the focus, presumably functioning as an additional prosodic cue to identify it. Additionally, while we do not observe deaccenting of post-focal material, we do observe a sequence of non-rising forms (a flat pattern or “de-emphasis”) following the pitch accent that signals an in situ information focus forced by the test. With respect to phonological phrasing, our results confirm the analysis in Prieto (2006), where it is proposed that syntactic constituency is not the primary factor that regulates phrasing in Spanish.

CONCEPT AND CONTENT OF COMMERCIAL AND OFFICE SECRETS AS COMPONENT PARTS OF THE ENTERPRISE

This article analyzes the concept of official and commercial secrets as part of an enterprise as an object of civil law relations, their legal foundations, the meaning of their main features, as well as contractual legal problems arising in connection with them. In addition, we will talk about the differences between the concepts of "commercial secret" and "official secret" on the subjects of transactions, official secret in relations of an administrative nature, the secret of an economic entity, on the circumstances that are not protected by patent protection.In addition, the properties of information included in ranks of commercial secrets are disclosed

Using deep neural networks to evaluate object vision tasks in rats

In the last two decades rodents have been on the rise as a dominant model for visual neuroscience. This is particularly true for earlier levels of information processing, but a number of studies have suggested that also higher levels of processing such as invariant object recognition occur in rodents. Here we provide a quantitative and comprehensive assessment of this claim by comparing a wide range of rodent behavioral and neural data with convolutional deep neural networks. These networks have been shown to capture hallmark properties of information processing in primates through a succession of convolutional and fully connected layers. We find that performance rodent object vision tasks can be captured using low to mid-level convolutional layers only, without any convincing evidence for the need of higher layers known to simulate complex object recognition in primates. Our approach also reveals surprising insights on assumptions made before, for example, that the best performing animals would be the ones using the most abstract representations–which we show to likely be incorrect. Our findings suggest a road ahead for further studies aiming at quantifying and establishing the richness of representations underlying information processing in animal models at large.

Entropy-based model for cognitive systems

The work presented here looks at information as an independent entity. Without any involvement of the mind, information forms patterns and regularities which manifest themselves during cognitive experiments. Information can arrange itself within a multidimensional space and depending on the number of dimensions exhibit different characteristics. It is shown here that information analysis allows for the reproduction of some elementary cognitive processes like short- and long-term memory, chunking, long term memory categories, the formation of convictions, decision-making processes and mechanisms responsible for the formation of understanding. It is therefore argued here that some cognitive experiments do not relate to the workings of a subject’s mind but instead relate to the properties of information itself.

Information structures and uncertainty in an image information system

An information system as a database that stands for relationships between objects and attributes is an important mathematical model. An image information system is an information system where each of its information values is an image and its information structures embody internal features of this type of information system. Uncertainty measurement is an effective tool for evaluation. This paper explores measures of uncertainty for an information system by using the proposed information structures. The distance between two objects in an image information system is first given. After that, the fuzzy Tcos-equivalence relation, induced by this system by using Gaussian kernel method, is obtained, where Gaussian kernel is based on this distance. Next, information structures of this system are described by set vectors, dependence between information structures is studied and properties of information structures are given by using inclusion degree, and application for information structures and uncertainty measures of an image information system are investigated by the information structures. Moreover, effectiveness analysis is done to show the feasibility of the proposed measures from the angle of statistics. Finally, an application of the proposed measurement for attribute reduction is given. These results will be helpful for understanding the essence of uncertainty in an image information system.

ALGORITHM FOR DETERMINING THE MEASURE OF EXISTENCE OF UNRELIABLE INFORMATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF INFORMATION CONFLICT

Social interaction of subjects in the modern world, in addition to positive forms, also has negative ones. One of such forms is information confrontation, the conceptual basis of which is to spread in the information space of the enemy unreliable information to influence the assessments, intentions, and orientation of the population and decision-makers. In this case, information becomes a more important resource than material or energy resources. The analysis of laws and properties of existence and distribution of information in the conditions of information confrontation is carried out. Based on the analysis of the above laws and studying the properties of information, the main features of the perception of information by the subjects are formulated. These are selectivity, attitude to certain information, authority (reputation), imaginary secrecy of receiving information. It is shown that on the basis of the formulated features of perception of information of subjects it is possible to create visibility of reliability of the information, and then no force will convince that it is specially made for the purpose of incorrect estimation, the negative orientation of the population and decision-makers. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is that the parameters of information evaluation are used as a measure of the probability of propagation of inaccurate information. The degree of probability of dissemination of unreliable information is determined for each law of existence of information separately. The general estimation of the probability of distribution of unreliable information consists of the production of values of measures of each law in the person. Depending on the preference of a particular law for a particular type of information, the value of the measure will vary. That is, the proposed algorithm, in contrast to existing methods of evaluating information, additionally takes into account the type and class of information. The direction of further research: development of a scale of measures to assess the probability of spreading inaccurate information. Using as coefficients of the model the parameters of the developed scale of measures to assess the probability of propagation of inaccurate information. Creation of a mathematical model of distribution of unreliable information in the conditions of information confrontation.

Knowledge in the model of dynamics and stability of an industrial enterprise

The formation and development of the knowledge economy logically lead to the need for an indepth study of the nature and properties of information in economic systems. The priority value of the information resource and knowledge in the activities of industrial enterprises is determined both by the prospects for the development of science-intensive products and their competitiveness in the world and domestic markets, and by the desire to ensure the stable operation of the enterprise in a highly disturbed business environment. With the search and analysis of the dependences of the production, financial and economic processes taking place in them on the control information, the systemic interaction of the enterprise resources and the dynamics of key indicators of the activity of industrial enterprises are revealed.From the standpoint of thermodynamics, statistical physics and cybernetics, it is proposed to spread the information concept of V. Trapeznikov to substantiate and modelling the dependence of a number of economic and financial indicators on the amount of accumulated information in the controlled complex of an industrial enterprise.Modeling and interpretation of the relationship between the volume of control information with the uncertainty of the functioning of an industrial enterprise and the achieved level of knowledge about it is carried out. The condition for the stability of the indicator of the effect of activity and the financial stability of the enterprise (autonomy ratio) is formulated. The mathematical condition for the range of changes in the level of knowledge of industrial enterprises has been substantiated.

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF INFORMATION CAPITAL OF THE ENTERPRISE AS A FACTOR IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE VALUE OF OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES

The article highlights the role of oil and gas enterprises as the main source of fuel and energy resources for the state. This requires the heads of oil and gas companies to find and implement effective ways and methods of enterprise management. The need to apply the latest concepts and approaches to management, among which the concept of cost-oriented management of the enterprise deserves special attention. In this context, the authors from a theoretical standpoint analyzed the concepts of enterprise management that exist in world practice, identified current trends in management, and identified problems in the implementation of cost-oriented management in Ukraine. In order to solve these problems, the role of information capital in creating the value of the enterprise is considered. The economic categories of information capital and economic evaluation of information capital are characterized. It is established that the economic evaluation of information capital of the enterprise is one of the main tools in cost-oriented management of business entities. The main aspects of economic evaluation of information capital of enterprises are highlighted – cost, value and efficiency of its use. The stages of economic evaluation of the information capital of the enterprise are developed. For the valuation of information capital of the enterprise on the basis of previous publications systematized the main approaches and methods of calculating the cost. For the qualitative assessment of information resources, a number of basic qualitative properties of information have been identified, which have a direct impact on the assessment of the quality of information, and the nature of management decisions. In order to develop methodological approaches to the qualitative evaluation of information, the qualitative properties of information are grouped by levels. The peculiarities of assessing the efficiency of information capital in the case when the information system is used only for the implementation and maintenance of business processes, the products of which are exclusively information and assessing the effectiveness of information capital in oil and gas companies, whose main purpose is oil and gas, are highlighted.