Modeling the Grain Import Trade: A Cointegration Analysis of China’s Panel Data

In recent years, China has become the world’s largest importer of grain, and scholars have particularly examined whether China’s grain import trade presents this effect. By applying cointegration analysis to trade statistics panel data of China’s wheat, corn, rice, and soybean production and imports from January 2016 to December 2019, this paper empirically tests for the existence of the great country effect in China’s grain import trade. The results show that during the sample period, there is a long-term stable equilibrium relationship between the import volume, domestic price, and international price of the four major grains; the great country effect in the import trade of wheat and rice is not significant. The imports of corn and soybean present a great country effect to a certain extent in the short term; moreover, a change in the grain price in the international market does not lead to a change in China’s grain import volume, which shows that the great country effect in China’s grain import trade is distorted. Therefore, China should pay close attention to the impact of international factors on the fluctuation of its own food prices and enhance its ability to rationally utilize the international food market and international agricultural resources to ensure domestic food security.

Examining the Asymmetric Effects of Third-Country Exchange Rate Volatility on Pakistan–China Commodity Trade

Keeping in view the idea of the third-country effect by Cushman, the analysis attempts to capture the asymmetric impact of third-country exchange rate volatility on Pakistan–China commodity trade. The empirical analysis is based on the annual data for 14 industries that export from Pakistan to China and 34 industries that import to Pakistan from China. The findings of the study confirm that nonlinear models generate more significant results both in the short and long runs. Moreover, the empirical findings suggest that the asymmetric assumption alone is not enough, and instead, we should use it along with the third economy effect.

THE MAIN APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The article deals with analysis of the main approaches to assessing non-tariff measures of government foreign trade regulation on foreign trade indicators. The article lists the factors which make it difficult to solve the problem: diversity of non-tariff measures, their using not only at the border but also within the country, effect uncertainty and frequent lack of quantification of such measures. It is also noted that non-tariff measures effects are usually determined by assessing changes in volumes and terms of trade with various methods. The frequency analysis method defines the coverage of imported goods by non-tariff measures as a share in the volume of imports or in the number of commodity items. The price gap assessment method defines the changes in the in-country prices under the influence of non-tariff measures. Survey method allows to obtain various estimates of these measures effects from business, index analysis method – to calculate index assessments of non-tariff measures effects, including based on survey data. Econometric method estimates the qualitative effects of non-tariff measures, including changes in the volume of exports or imports. The article considers each of these methods with the highlighting of their advantages and disadvantages.

DETERMINANTS OF VIRTUAL WATER TRADE OF CEREAL CROPS IN SAUDI ARABIA

In this research, we used a gravity model to investigate whether water scarcity variables influence agricultural trade of cereal crops for Saudi Arabia. We compare the OLS, Fixed effects, Random effects, and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimators to determine the best model. The AIC, and multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation tests assist in determining estimation procedures and the final model. We cluster the errors by distance to improve the specific country effect variables, such as economic mass. We find that water-related variables influence virtual water imports of cereals, millet, corn, barely, and sesame.

Resource complementarities in R&D network for innovation performance: evidence from the agricultural sector in Brazil and Spain

This article deals with interorganizational networks for the development of technologies and innovation, the sharing of resources to generate competitive advantages, and the complementarity of resources within the context of interorganizational relations. The aim was to establish the relationship between the complementarity of resources in networks and innovation performance. This research used qualitative comparative analysis and content analysis to investigate 25 networks in the agrobusiness sector in Brazil and Spain. Findings revealed that there is complementarity among resources in a network created to innovate; to produce innovation a combination of resources in the networks is necessary, there is a country effect on the resources set connected to innovation, the network is a structure that favors innovation development but its ‘management’ is essential to achieving success.

Corporate Social Responsibility Values of Managers in Transforming Societies

Within the GLOBE project, CEOs from companies in East Germany, Estonia and Romania (N=129) have been interviewed about their value preferences in case of critical management decisions. Furthermore, lower level managers and employees (N=787) filled out questionnaires concerning perceived value preferences of their companies. Drawing on an extended stakeholder approach through focus on managerial values (CSV) and the person-situation concept of , we particularly focus on country-based contingencies of managerial values coupled with other context factors like managerial position and ownership. The findings show that there are specific country-based combinations of corporate social values in the companies studied, with strategic orientation in East Germany, shareholder focus coupled with a relatively strong religious orientation in Romania and an orientation on shareholders as well as on employees and community in Estonia. Moreover, an interaction between the country effect and organizational factors shaping managerial decisions can be observed.