THE MAIN APPROACHES TO ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Index Analysis ◽

The Impact ◽

Country Effect

The article deals with analysis of the main approaches to assessing non-tariff measures of government foreign trade regulation on foreign trade indicators. The article lists the factors which make it difficult to solve the problem: diversity of non-tariff measures, their using not only at the border but also within the country, effect uncertainty and frequent lack of quantification of such measures. It is also noted that non-tariff measures effects are usually determined by assessing changes in volumes and terms of trade with various methods. The frequency analysis method defines the coverage of imported goods by non-tariff measures as a share in the volume of imports or in the number of commodity items. The price gap assessment method defines the changes in the in-country prices under the influence of non-tariff measures. Survey method allows to obtain various estimates of these measures effects from business, index analysis method – to calculate index assessments of non-tariff measures effects, including based on survey data. Econometric method estimates the qualitative effects of non-tariff measures, including changes in the volume of exports or imports. The article considers each of these methods with the highlighting of their advantages and disadvantages.

APLIKASI COMMODITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT METHOD (CSAM) PADA DISTRIBUSI SELEDRI (Apium graveolens L.) DARI PETANI DI KECAMATAN BATURITI KE PENGECER.

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2019.v07.i02.p04 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 200

Author(s):

Kadek Adi Wintagata ◽

Amna Hartiati ◽

Bambang Admadi

Keyword(s):

Assessment Method ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Survey Method ◽

Farm Level ◽

Postharvest Losses ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Postharvest Handling ◽

Distribution Line ◽

System Assessment ◽

The purpose of this research is 1). to determine the number of distribution paths celery (Apiumgraveolens L.), the type of distribution lines 2). postharvest handling of celery, and the impact of postharvest losses and the value of the damage of farmers to retailers Baturiti district. The method used in this research is survey method with the application of the Commodity Systems Assessment Method in the form of questionnaires distributed to farmers, collectors, wholesalers, suppliers and retailers of celery. There are four lines of celery distribution, there are, the first (I) is farmers ? retailers, the second (II) is farmers ? collectors ? retailers, the third (III ) is farmers ? collectors ? wholesalers ? retailers, and the last (IV) is farmers ? collectors ? wholesalers ? suppliers ? retailers. Post-harvest handling at the farm level include harvesting, sorting and cleaning, packaging and transportation. Post-harvest handling at the level of collectors, and wholesalers include weighing, sorting, and transporting, postharvest handling at the retail level covering inspection, packaging, and display, postharvest handling at the level of suppliers includes weighing, sorting, packaging and transportation, postharvest handling level includes supermarkets weighing, inspection, and display. Impact on celery postharvest losses at the farm level, namely the harvest reached 14,53% (significant), at the level of the collectors in the transport process is reached 0,44% (insignificant), at the level of big traders when transporting reached 0% (insignificant), at the retails level in sorting reached 0% (insignificant), at the sorting supplier level reached 1,55% (significant). Keyword: Distribution line, CSAM, postharvest, celery.

Long-Term and Short-Term Export Contracts for Natural Gas Supply

Energy law forum ◽

10.18572/2410-4396-2020-3-103-107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 103-107

Author(s):

Sergey S. Koshman ◽

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Foreign Trade ◽

Gas Extraction ◽

Electronic Trading ◽

Short Term ◽

The Impact ◽

Gas Supply ◽

Storage Processes

Natural gas is exported in accordance with the terms and conditions of foreign trade contracts between the seller and the buyer. Research into the execution procedure, terms and conditions of such contracts has both theoretical and practical value. The importance of a foreign trade contract for relations between the parties cannot be overemphasized as its scope determines and legally binds the parties for the achievement of their respective goals. When entering into foreign trade contracts, the parties should consider the impact of natural gas extraction, processing, transportation, storage processes on terms of foreign trade transactions with natural gas. These terms are especially important for long-term natural gas export contracts which are considered to be the traditional form of natural gas trading. However, more recently, forms of foreign trade contracts for natural gas export used to interact with foreign buyers have become more diversified. Natural gas trading under short-term contracts using electronic trading platforms is becoming increasingly important. In this article, the author examines the key peculiarities of such contracts, defines basic advantages and disadvantages of using various contract forms for natural gas export.

APLIKASI COMMODITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT METHOD (CSAM) PADA PENANGANAN PASCAPANEN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) DARI PETANI DI KECAMATAN KINTAMANI SAMPAI DENPASAR

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2018.v06.i03.p07 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 234

Author(s):

I Putu Gede Angga Dian Pratama ◽

Bambang Admadi ◽

Sri Mulyani

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Survey Instrument ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Survey Method ◽

Farm Level ◽

Postharvest Handling ◽

System Assessment ◽

Postharvest Loss ◽

The Impact ◽

And Storage

This research were aimed to 1) find out amount and kind of red onion (Allium Ascalonicum L.) distribution lines from farmers in Kintamani District Bangli regency area until Denpasar city, 2) to identify what factors are identified in the red onion (Allium Ascalonicum L.) handler in Kintamani sub-district of Bangli Regency, and 3) know the impact of post-harvest handling when the distribution of red onion (Allium Ascalonicum L.) loss from farmers in Bangli District Kintamani District. The research method used is survey method, with CSAM (Commodity System Assessment Method) application and using survey instrument in the form of questionnaires distributed to farmers, pegepul, merchants and red onion retailers in Kintamani sub-district to Denpasar. The were four distributions lines of red onion (Allium Ascalonicum L.) handler from farmer at Kintamani District, namely line Line I (Farmer?retailer), Line II (Farme?collector?retailer), Line III (Farme?collector?retailer), and lines IV (Farme?collector?traders?retailer). Identification Postharvest handling factors at the farm level include cleaning and sorting. At the collecting level include transportation and storage, at the merchant level includes cleaning, sorting and transport, and at the retailer level includes cleaning, sorting and display. Impact on Postharvest loss on the farmers level is at the sorting reaches 6% (significant). At the sorter level the collector reaches 5%, at the sorter seller level reaches 5%, and at the sorter retailer level reaches 6% (significant). Keywords : CSAM application, onion, aplication

Specific Features of Audit and Assessment of Foreign-Trade Barter Deals

Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics ◽

10.21686/2413-2829-2018-4-69-78 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 69-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. I. Efremova

Keyword(s):

Foreign Trade ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Record Keeping ◽

Eu Countries ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Minimum Value ◽

Goods Movement ◽

The Impact ◽

The Way

Today the impact of foreign-trade operations as an important element of foreign – economic activity on economy of Russia has increased. Thus showing all stages of foreign-trade barter deal is becoming more and more acute. Because of that the organization could avoid difficulties in the process of shaping income of the operation. As a result of export-import operation integration not only positive effects but also certain problems were found. Practice of auditing demonstrated that currency, commercial and finance risks are not controlled completely or are controlled insufficiently, which can cause damages to the organization. An important step during auditing is the process of identifying advantages and disadvantages in the existing control over foreign-trade barter deals. In case such a control is absent, the assessment of goods movement on the way, in places of storage and transportation is violated. According to the Federal Customs Service import reached the minimum value in the last 5 years. It is connected mainly with food embargo (which caused the record drop in deliveries from EU countries), numerous bans introduced last year and fall in the ruble rate. The author advanced methodology of barter deal auditing during conducting foreign economic activity by organizations and the system of record-keeping of operations, which play an important role in foreign trade of Russian organizations and entrepreneurs.

The Impact of Climate Variability on The Livelihood Structure of Farmers Households and Patterns of Adaptation

Sodality Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan ◽

10.22500/sodality.v6i3.21514 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Titis Pury Purboningtyas ◽

Arya Hadi Dharmawan ◽

Eka Intan Kumala Putri

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Climate Variability ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Structure Calculation ◽

Adaptation Strategies ◽

Social Adaptation ◽

Survey Method ◽

Adaptive Mechanism ◽

Analysis Method ◽

This research was aimed to 1) identify the livelihoods structure of farmers household; 2) identify the adaptive mechanism of farmers household (patterns of adaptation). The data were collected by survey method in two villages, Kalianyar and Krangkeng, Indramayu District. There was 90 respondents of farmers household taken by purposive, 40 respondents in Kalianyar and 50 respondents in Krangkeng. Both villages were selected because they are ecologically vulnerable, characterized by drought due to climate variability. This research used livelihoods structure calculation and descriptive analysis method. The results of study showed that farmers households in Kalianyar have a better income and saving capacity than Krangkeng farmers households. To respond the effects of climate variability, farmers households in both villages by using ecological, economic and social adaptation patterns. Adaptation patterns are carried out as a form of farmers household strategies to overcome the adverse effects of climate variability. The livelihood assets used by farmers household in both village greatly influences the ability of farmer household to implement adaptation strategies.

APLIKASI COMMODITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT METHOD (CSAM) DALAM DISTRIBUSI CABAI ( Capsicum annum L) DARI PETANI DI KECAMATAN PENEBEL SAMPAI PENGECER

JURNAL REKAYASA DAN MANAJEMEN AGROINDUSTRI ◽

10.24843/jrma.2018.v06.i04.p13 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 382

Author(s):

I Gusti Ngurah Cahyadi Kresnawan ◽

Amna Hartiati ◽

I Wy Gede Sedana Yoga

Keyword(s):

Distribution Channel ◽

Distribution Channels ◽

Assessment Method ◽

Survey Method ◽

Farm Level ◽

Capsicum Annum ◽

Postharvest Handling ◽

Sorting Process ◽

System Assessment ◽

The purpose of this study were (1) to determine the number of chili (Capsicum annum L) distribution lines from farmers in Penebel Subdistrict to the retailers, (2) find out the type of chili postharvest handling from farmers in Penebel District to retailers and find out the impact of losses from farmers in the District Penebel to retailers. The method used in this study is a survey method with the application of a questionnaire Commodity System Assessment Method that is distributed to farmers, collectors, traders, and retailers. The results of the study show that there are 3 distribution channels, namely lane I - retailers, lane II farmers - collectors - retailers, lane III farmers - collectors - traders - retailers. Handling at the farm level includes harvesting, cleaning and sorting, packaging, postharvest handling at the level of collectors, traders and retailers including weighing, cleaning and sorting, packaging and transportation. The impact of the loss of chili postharvest at the farmer level is significant at 10.48%, at the level of collectors in the sorting process is insignificant reaching 2.80%, at the level of large traders in the sorting process is insignificant reaching 2.2% and at the retail level at the sorting process is significant reaching 6.41%. Keywords: Chili, CSAM and Distribution channel

The Impact of Income Terms of Trade Changes on Private Savings

International Journal of Business Studies and Innovation ◽

10.35745/ijbsi2021v01.01.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 34-42

Author(s):

Grant G. L. Yang ◽

Keyword(s):

Foreign Trade ◽

Global Financial Crisis ◽

Terms Of Trade ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Independent Innovation ◽

Inflation Rates ◽

Innovation Ability ◽

Private Savings ◽

The terms-of-trade fluctuations have been an important factor in explaining macroeconomic capacity while foreign demand for certain export commodities is inflexible and has a significant impact on their economies in the shocks of external terms of trade. Changes in the external terms of trade might harm private savings while higher inflation rates and lower levels of social security tend to increase private savings due to higher uncertainty. This paper analyzes the characteristics of China’s income terms of trade (ITT) and private savings from 2000 to 2019 based on the related macroeconomic literature and the functioning factors affecting the long-term private savings. Empirical regression models are constructed, and the results suggest that improvement of income terms of trade by 1% leads to an increase in private saving rate by 0.413%, but this relationship has the opposite effect after the 2008 global financial crisis. Policy recommendations are proposed on the promotion of independent innovation ability of foreign trade and the optimization of trade structure along with other progressive analyses on China’s current problems in foreign trade.

Development of foreign economic activity of ukrainian enterprises under conditions of economic globalization

Social Economics ◽

10.26565/2524-2547-2020-59-11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Foreign Trade ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Small Businesses ◽

Global Economy ◽

Technological Development ◽

Rapid Development ◽

The World ◽

In today’s globalized world, international trade, which covers the totality of foreign trade of all countries of the world, is a powerful force of economic development. The economic development of any country is impossible without its active participation in trade relations with other countries of the world. The rapid formation of the global economy contributes to the emergence of a number of opportunities for both large and small businesses. The article considers both advantages and disadvantages of globalization of economy. The article claims that in the current conditions of technological development and rapid integration processes, it is necessary to take into account results of globalization, while forming an effective state policy regarding the realization of foreign trade activities. The country participating in the system of global economic relations should have competitive advantages and improve its competitiveness in order to avoid the impact of negative factors. The article reveals the current state of the development of Ukraine’s foreign trade with other countries of the world, as well as explores Ukraine’s exports and imports structure. Despite a significant increase in the cost of exporting goods and services to the world, Ukraine is still an import-dependent country. The currency liberalization contributed to the reduction of prejudice from foreign counterparties, investors and banks, which allowed Ukrainian enterprises to operate fully in foreign markets, which resulted in a significant reduction in the negative foreign trade balance of the country. The new currency law has provided Ukraine with a base for free capital movement, which brought the country closer to European standards. However, despite significant easing in foreign exchange regulation, Ukrainian manufacturers continue to face a number of both internal and external obstacles to boosting their export activity. The article defines further ways of development of foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises in the conditions of globalization. It has been established that the stable development of the economy is possible only in the conditions of maintaining its openness and rapid development of foreign trade.

The Impact of Ethical Judgment, Locus of Control, and Organizational Commitments to Whistleblowing

Journal of Auditing Finance and Forensic Accounting ◽

10.21107/jaffa.v6i2.4937 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 97-104

Author(s):

Andreani Hanjani ◽

Agus Purwanto ◽

RR Karlina Aprilia Kusumadewi

Keyword(s):

Locus Of Control ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Ethical Judgment ◽

Primary Data ◽

Survey Method ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Internal Auditors ◽

Central Java ◽

The Impact ◽

Method Analysis

This research aims at examining the influence of ethical judgment, locus of control and organizational commitment of auditor intention to whistleblowing. The population of this research was all internal auditors in Central Java Inspectorate, Semarang Regency and Semarang City. Data used in this research were primary data, which were obtained with questionnaire survey method. Analysis method used was multiple regression. The result of this research showed that ethical judgement, locus of control and organizational commitments have positive and significant influence to auditor intention in doing whistleblowing. Meanwhile, gender has no significant influence to whistleblowing. Besides, the age has significant impact toward negative to whistleblowing intensity.